At first glance, digging a pit will not cause any particular difficulties. But this stage has a number of features. The correctness of their implementation has a direct impact on the strength indicators of the building.
The most important parameter is the depth of the pit. This indicator is influenced by two main factors:
In Westerholt, a small piece of such tiles has already been restored several years ago. Further finds are known from Westerhammrich near Lehr and from Baquemoor. These fragmentary fragments can be dated to the century and Christ using scientific methods. Long before the use of shingles for roofing roofs in East Frisia, this technique was already known to the Romans. However, such roofing tiles were not discussed in the Roman Empire as construction materialand were brought north as ballast in the belly of Roman merchant ships.
- occurrence level groundwater;
- the depth of freezing of the soil.
The depth of the sandy bottom depends on the level of the groundwater. With a close occurrence of groundwater, you will have to additionally deal with laying waterproofing material... Which will increase the cost of digging a pit. Minimum distance from the bottom to the groundwater should be 0.5 m.
Fragments of light red brick, which appear unnoticeable at first, showcase impressive trade with the Roman Empire over the waterways. The route probably passed through the Rhine on the north coast through Ems. From the coast, Roman finds probably passed through the former cove to Westerholt. Ball head and pot.
Bottom of the ball - Grape leg - Kitchen pot. Forlitz-Blaukirchen, Big Sea - Brinkum - Emden, Red Siel. Due to the superposition with the silt of the waters, even they could completely recover completely. Ball pots are a versatile vessel shape at times, but there are other vessel shapes at this time, but ball pots can be used for just about anything from storage, storage, transportation, eating and drinking to cooking. In the 18th century, the ball pot was still used in households, but many other types of vessels have now been added.
The depth of freezing of the soil also affects the location of the sole. The sandy base for the foundation should be located 0.3-0.4 m below the soil freezing level.
The location of the bottom is also taken into account when determining the length and width of the trenches. According to generally accepted standards, the pit should have a trapezoidal shape in the transverse plane. Trench walls should be sloped at 45º to prevent soil from slipping.
As expected for a general purpose vessel, the volume of the ball heads is highly variable. Of the vessels that can contain several hundred ml, there are those that have a capacity of 10 liters or more. Ball pots have a globular earth, as the name suggests. Contrary to what one might think at first, they show pretty solid stability. And only on an open fire, they can be pressed into the charcoal from any angle, making them the perfect pot for cooking. Already from the early Middle Ages, other cooking vessels are also known, such as pans with a lens base and a drain handle into which a rod is stuck.
If the digging of pits and trenches will take place to a depth of more than 0.5 m, then their walls can be made vertical without a slope.
The length and width of the pit also depend on the size of the house being built. The boundaries of the trenches should be at the level of 0.3-0.4 m from the walls of the building, taking into account the facing material.
For the construction of houses can be used different kinds foundation: tape, slab or columnar. Depending on this, trenches or holes will be dug. This process can be carried out both manually and mechanically.
But most of the kitchen utensils were a ball. As a place to prepare food, the simple, open fireplace has served for a long time. It was either found directly on the clay floor or on a substructure, for example.There are also anchors or countertops in wealthy households of the late Middle Ages. This almost sinuous pot on three legs has completely supplanted the ball head completely.
Of course, the pots also remained in the inventory, and it should not be forgotten that metal containers were used more and more - three-legged, spit, iron grate, iron kettle, etc. of the many wooden kitchen utensils that undoubtedly also existed, unfortunately, very few have survived. Early glazed pottery.
It is advisable to dig a pit with an excavator in the case when the foundation will be laid to a solid depth (for example, when building a house with a basement). But in any case, there will be places on the site that the equipment will not be able to approach (power lines, trees, narrow sections, gas pipelines, pipelines).
Early modern cooking pots differ from those of the Middle Ages. While in the Middle Ages, clay containers were water-permeable due to their porous surface, and waterproof dishes were only found in the form of porcelain stoneware, from the earliest times more discolored glass was used.
The development of glaze for ceramic vessels has been taking place over a longer period of time. To the north of the Alps, starting in the High Middle Ages, around a century ago, ceramic objects such as toy figurines, as well as miniature vessels were glazed, followed by very special jugs from the Belgian region. The beginning of Bleiglazur, north of the Alps, appears to be in the area of \u200b\u200bglass baskets, where the crucibles are "glazed" by the preparation of the glass. Finds of glazed toy animals on glass baskets also indicate this process.
Trenches for strip foundation
For this type of foundation, there are the following requirements for the dimensions of the pit:
- its length exceeds the width of the building by 0.3-0.5 m;
- the width of the trench is increased by 0.5 m (to create formwork);
- minimum width strip foundation is 0.4 m.
After the marking work, the top fertile layer of soil 0.2-0.3 m thick is removed from the site where the foundation pit will be dug. This procedure will level the site.
Cast glaze consists of soil, water and clay. It is applied in front of fire by dipping, pouring or painting. Bleglazure itself is transparent, and then simply enhances the basic tone of the ceramic, but can, for example, be colored green by adding copper. The disadvantage is that lead can be released from the glaze by the acid contained in the contents of the vessel and then passed into food. The color spectrum ranges from colorless to yellow, brown and green.
In addition to a decorative function and to make a waterproof vessel, lead glaze protected the inside of kitchen pots before baking food and at the same time food before the beige taste. The trend for gilded cookware and tableware continued through the centuries and culminated in the century before the decor and the variety of equipment developed. Jewelry is simple, individual and somehow beautiful.
The trenching process begins at the corner of the building at the highest point of the site. When deepening the pit to a depth of more than 0.5 m, the trench should be strengthened with shields, for fixing which cross-bars and stakes are used.
The excavated soil is placed at a distance of 4-6 m from the extreme part of the pit. If the soil is sandy, then the sand will be needed for the subsequent backfilling of the space near the foundation and the device of the drainage system.
Should jewelry be exclusive and colorful? At first, the pit contained a small sight: pottery, charcoal, a flint blade, a fragment of a rotating whiter, and granite fragments. But then, at the base of the well 60 cm deep, there is a 2 cm well of a large pearl of burnt clay, a perforated piece of volcanic slag, a little more than 2 cm of a large amber ball and naturally perforated flint. Each of these parts doesn't seem particularly remarkable. However, since the finds were relatively close to each other, it should be assumed that they are probably related in some way.
Foundation pit for slabs
Digging pits for slab foundation has the following features:
- Its size corresponds to the width and length of the house being built (with shallow technology) or the width / length with the height of the foundation itself (with the buried method).
- The construction of the foundation takes place in a stepwise method. After removing the 0.5 m layer of soil, the dimensions of the next layer will be smaller. Usually the steps are 50 cm high and 25 cm wide.
- It is better to attract equipment to the services of digging pits. It will be too difficult to make such a foundation on your own.
The technology for creating a pit consists of the following stages:
The meaning of this set of bases can only be discovered upon closer inspection. For example, the perforated part of volcanic slag, the so-called pumice, is not native to the region, but has reached East Frisia at great distances, possibly from volcanifel. Today, pumice is used in particular for body care, such as removing the cornea. Whether this can be expected from Thurgeid's play is questionable. Objects such as the amulet, worn in many cultures, are credited with repelling disasters.
Whether the Thurgeid find is to serve such a purpose must remain speculation. All of the finds collected from the pit convey an image of a group of very discrete pieces of jewelry in which a bright and non-local rock is combined with a ceramic bead and a large amber ball. There was also a non-ferrous object in the pit. Metal finds before Roman metal times are not very common in East Frisia. Reconstruction of the highly corroded portion resulted in the creation of an annular bronze object with varying material thickness.
- removal of a layer of fertile soil up to 0.3 m thick;
- pit marking with determination of the optimal length, width and height;
- creation of the first excavation with a depth of 0.5 m (excavation begins in the central part with a gradual transition to the edges);
- device of the following notches.
The compound ends of an object made of a metal strip are connected to each other with a clamp. The function of the piece is unclear: how the finger ring seems rather dubious. The site at Tergeida appears to be associated with an old Iron Age burial. Analysis of phosphate from former wooden buildings indicates the existence of deadly huts. On various occasions, pieces of bone were also scattered or glazed, indicating pirevar. In some cases, corpse fires can also be recovered in small debris.
Probably, these are finds from the pit, which are twisting coarse attachments. Before the Arabs brought arithmetic calculations to Europe, the calculations were done on shelves and riddles. In purely mechanical form, it has been added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, lifted and leveled. This is an apple penny, which shows on the one side the kingdom of apples in three passes, and on the other, a rose surrounded by three crowns and three lilies.
Columnar pits
If during the construction of the house a columnar foundation is used, then shallow pits will serve as a foundation pit. Their depth is usually up to 0.5 m. The bottom of the pits consists of pits, intended for the installation of the pillars themselves.
Digging pits during construction columnar foundation involves the following sequential actions:
Century at least 120 times, especially since it was written in German. Adam Rice has written three rake books. The lining bill: Rice describes the calculation on rake lines. ... Counter view with table. Representation of possible use. Since the building was not a basement, undamaged layers of grass were still visible. The building site is located on the northern edge of the small village of Klein-Borssum, which originally formed its own fame. The terrain falls to the north by about half a meter.
The profiles indicated several hordes of settlements from the medieval Wart. At first there was a small layer under the upper humus soil, in which no finds were found. The upper horizon of the settlement was probably reworked by the centuries-old use of the garden. Only in the northwestern part of the cut could the pit be recorded. This showed a two-phase herd, which max. 6 cm, very dark running horizon. The site of the fire was near the honing center, measured less than 5 m wide, which is probably a step in the house.
- removal of soil with a layer of 0.2-0.3 m;
- creation of trenches 0.7-1 m wide and 0.4-0.6 m deep;
- digging pits with a depth of 0.5 m and a cross section of 0.5 * 0.5 m (in the pits, the sole will be poured under the pillars);
- milestones are used to determine the depth of the trench.
Terms of work
Digging pits and other earthworks are best done on dry days. Naturally, this process is almost impossible to deal with in winter. The frozen ground will not allow full excavation work.
Messages were not observed. On the other hand, the settlement of settlements under the horizon of the upper settlement turned out to be a very distinct cultural layer with a more intensive deposit. The two layers found were separated from each other by the order of Clay. In the southeastern half of the surveyed area, there was a clay floor, which was markedly bounded to the northwest. It also included three pins that can be identified as pits, which is probably the construction of the building. It remains unclear whether the central part of the centrally located building should be viewed as an additional fire site, or perhaps as a reference to the fire.
In spring, the soil thaws out, causing the topsoil to become covered with water and become unstable. To pump out water, you will have to additionally use special equipment. And this will significantly increase the cost of digging foundation pits.
The most suitable time period is summer or early autumn. At this time, the soil will be suitable for earthworks.
The fact that a number of other buildings are connected to the northwest is also marked by a clearly recognizable pillar, presumably another layer could also be called a clay floor. The settlement horizon gave a whole series of finds. These are mainly fragments of ball heads. The tilting of the ceramic material consists predominantly of granite grisha and there are only a very small amount of sand-tossed debris. The fact that an early horizon from the century is present here is also clear from imported pottery.
Therefore, the second horizon of the settlement is in chronological order. A completely preserved skeleton with a length of 32 cm, the medieval predecessor of modern skating, has been preserved on the foundation. In Central Europe, pork bones, which were secured with leather straps on the legs, were used primarily as glide aids on ice. The term "Eisbane" still bears witness to this. On the smooth side of the base, it is clear that it is used as a skid. Unlike late ice skates, when using bones on skates, you need a stake to move on the ice.
Before conducting construction works you should try the soil. If there is too soft base the bearing capacity of the walls will decrease. To prevent this, it is necessary to use rubble (or pebbles), which fit under the sand pillow. If soft soil is associated with groundwater, then you should tackle a high-quality drainage device.
Video about the construction of the pit:
Among the wide variety of foundations, its monolithic variants are especially popular. This is primarily due to the high level of their strength, mechanical stability and long service life. We will learn more about how to make a foundation pit for the foundation.
Monolithic foundation - advantages and varieties
Before learning about the features of the construction of a foundation pit, we suggest studying the characteristics of monolithic foundations. Among the main advantages of a monolithic foundation, we note:
- solid monolithic construction it is distinguished by the absence of seams, so moisture does not pass through it;
- such a foundation is able to withstand heavy loads, and due to additional reinforcement it is quite plastic;
- using specialized equipment, it will take a little time to build the foundation;
- distinguish between foundations of various shapes and technologies of construction;
- suitable for the construction of buildings of non-standard shapes;
- have a simple interior and exterior;
- allow you to build a building with a basement.
However, monolithic foundations have certain disadvantages:
- concrete has low thermal conductivity, therefore cold bridges are formed in the foundation and it needs additional insulation;
- the total cost of the foundation turns out to be quite high due to the large amount of physical labor and the need for special equipment.
Among the main options for the execution of monolithic foundations, we note:
- solid;
- tape;
- glassy;
- columnar.
The first version of the foundation involves the construction monolithic slab, for the manufacture of which previously reinforced concrete is used. After the construction of the foundation, it is possible to obtain a solid base with a thickness of 30 cm and more. The slab foundation is installed on difficult soil types that are excessively saturated with moisture. Among the main advantages of such a foundation are resistance to deformation, flexibility, the ability to withstand and distribute the load evenly.
For the manufacture of a strip-monolithic base, reinforced concrete compositions are used. In appearance, they are continuous stripes located along the building. To make such a foundation, a trench is equipped inside the soil, which is subsequently filled with a solution of sand and cement. The presence of special pillows allows the load to be evenly transmitted from the building.
The glass foundation is made using a concrete composition and crushed rubble or gravel. For the manufacture of the foundation, a pit is equipped, which is subsequently poured with concrete with mandatory reinforcement. A sand cushion must be installed, which acts as a shock absorber that softens the pressure of the building on the ground. The use of this foundation is relevant on soil with low level heaving.
The columnar foundation is made of concrete with additional reinforcement. It is also possible to construct such a foundation using wood. It is used only on soils with a high level of stability and no movement.
How to build a pit for a pile foundation
Before starting the construction of the pit, it is necessary to determine its shape. If built slab foundation, then the shape of the pit should be rectangular. For a strip foundation, you will need to build a trench, and for a pile foundation - pits or wells.
Determining the size of the pit is particularly difficult, since the quality of the resulting building and its service life directly depend on the correctness of this indicator. The depth of the pit is primarily influenced by the level of soil freezing in a particular region, as well as the depth of the groundwater at the construction site.
If the level of soil freezing is too high, it is necessary to equip a fairly deep foundation, since its sole should be 35 cm below this indicator. The height of the groundwater table is a limiter of the too deep foundation. If the foundation is in contact with water, then be sure to ensure reliable waterproofing... But in any case, the distance between the base of the foundation and the groundwater level is at least 50 cm.
The indicators of the width and length of the foundation primarily depend on the dimensions of the building itself. Also, this indicator is influenced by the depth at which the foundation lies. The size of the foundation should be 300-400 mm larger than the size of the house itself, since facade finishing must be above the foundation.
The dimensions of the foundation depend on the depth of its occurrence, since the transverse part of the profile has a trapezoidal shape, since the arrangement of the soil walls must be carried out at a slope, observing the slopes.
That is, at the bottom of the pit, the foundation extends beyond the walls of the house by 20 cm on each side, and towards the upper part of the pit, this value decreases and is reduced to zero. Observing such proportions, it is possible to obtain a foundation pit, the walls of which are located at an angle of forty-five degrees. This rule applies to pits, the depth of which is more than half a meter. In shallower pits, it is allowed to equip walls at right angles.
Pit under pile foundation it is necessary to equip according to the principle of digging a shallow trench, the boundaries of which are open along the facade of the building. The bottom of the trench is equipped with special notches, which are also called pits. It is with their help that corner and intermediate piles are installed.
In order to build a foundation pit for a pile-type foundation, follow these steps:
- clear the area from debris and fertile soil layer 15-20 cm deep;
- in relation to the markings, dig a trench half a meter, up to 100 cm wide;
- at the bottom of the trench, install pits on which the sole will be poured.
Use landmarks to control the depth of the pits. In some cases, a drill is used to make a pit for a pile foundation. In this case, the process of arranging the pit lasts faster and is easier.
Arrangement of a pit for a slab foundation
To start arranging a pit for a slab foundation should be done with a marking. To do this, use finished project buildings and mark the territory according to it. Determination process interior walls and partitions are not required. Since the slab foundation is a solid and monolithic foundation. The width of the slab foundation should be 100 cm wider than the perimeter of the house on each side. Thus, there will be no problems with the arrangement of the blind area and the drainage system.
If there are extensions, terraces, balconies in the house, they are also marked when determining the size of the pit. Since the slab foundation is a monolithic foundation, if additional rooms are attached to it, problems with the integrity of the foundation will arise.
The depth of the foundation pits for houses is determined by the type of soil construction site... If the soil at the object is particularly dense, then it is enough to equip a pit about half a meter deep.
If there is very weak soil on the site, it will be necessary to increase the depth of the foundation. If there is a peat layer on the site, then it should be completely removed. In this case, the depth of the slab will be 100 centimeters or more.
For digging a pit, specialized equipment is used, since it will take a lot of time and physical costs to complete this task manually.
After working with specialized equipment, try to align the bottom of the pit horizontally as much as possible. If there are holes on the site, it is not recommended to fill them with soil; for these purposes, only sand is used that does not shrink.
When arranging a drainage drainage system, all drainage systems must be equipped in the process of digging a pit. Please note that for high-quality water drainage, the pit is equipped with a slight slope to one side.
After digging and leveling the pit, you should equip it with a pillow of sand and gravel. First, a large amount of sand is poured into the pit, which is carefully compacted with the help of special equipment.
The sand should not contain clay, chalk and other impurities. The sand layer is about 200 mm thick. Through sand pillow it is possible to evenly distribute the load from the building and it is possible to avoid heaving of the soil.
Further work is related to the supply of communication systems and surface reinforcement before pouring.
Diy foundation pit for strip foundation
The preparation of the site for the arrangement of the pit for the strip foundation is the same as for the slab foundation. First, you should clean the site and remove 15-20 cm thick soil from it.
The arrangement of the trench for the strip foundation is carried out both under the outer and under the outer walls, therefore the design of the house and all the rooms in it is done in advance.
The optimum trench depth for solid walls is about 50 cm, and for load-bearing walls - more than 80 cm. During the construction of a monolithic foundation, the design width of the foundation is the same as the width of the trench itself. In this case, the walls of the pit act as formwork.
If there are additional buildings on the summer cottage, it is recommended to equip the foundation for them. Do not forget about the communication systems, they need to be brought to the house during the period of laying the foundation.
The walls of the pit and trench for the strip foundation should not be strictly vertical. They must have the shape of a slope and are located under a certain slope, the value of which is determined individually for each individual case.
If there are holes in the process of digging a foundation pit, they are covered with sand or gravel, but in no case with ordinary earth, since it is prone to shrinkage. The trenching process is carried out manually or using specialized equipment.
Some craftsmen even use a walk-behind tractor, with which they loosen the ground and dig a trench. In any case, the process of digging a trench begins with loosening the soil and ends with extracting it to the surface.
Water in the foundation pit is needed to compact the soil or sand. In the event that the trench is equipped to bring communications to the house, it is backfilled. It is to moisten the soil in this situation that water is used. In addition, after laying pipes in a trench, they are covered with sand by 20 cm, and then with ordinary earth. Before digging a foundation pit, it is necessary to coordinate the land work with special authorities. Since there is a risk of destruction near the communications located. This is especially true for areas where work is carried out with the involvement of large-sized equipment.
For a foundation pit, the price depends on many individual factors, such as the amount of earthwork, the type of foundation, the size of the pit, the total load on the foundation, etc.
To dig a foundation pit, the price is determined by the type of labor used in the work process. It is cheaper to equip the pit manually, although it takes longer than using technical equipment.
There are certain criteria for the depth of the pit, in relation to the type of soil on which it is built:
- sandy soil - from 100 cm;
- sandy loam soil - the value increases by 25 cm;
- loam and clay - 150 cm;
- especially dense soil needs a pit with a depth of 200 cm.
In any case, when arranging a foundation pit, you need to get rid of the fertile part of the soil, since it contains biological microorganisms that contribute to a change in the volume of the soil.
If there is a basement in the house, the foundation pit is arranged over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe building. In this case, you should definitely resort to using special technical equipment.
In principle, for the construction of a pit for a small house, it will not be difficult to do the work with your own hands. However, it should be remembered that the main component of the long-term operation of the foundation is the correct calculation of its dimensions. We recommend that you pay great attention to this process. Further, adhering to the technology of arranging the pit, you will be able to prepare the foundations for the foundation with your own hands.
