Whether the presence of a foundation in a private house is indicated. Foundation device for a private house. Features of the tape base. Building materials and site markings. Fill

When laying the foundation of a house, modern builders carry out many calculations that will help to build a building correctly, without the risk of further deformation of the supporting structures. First, a soil check is performed, calculations of the expected load are carried out. To start building a foundation for a private house is to determine the type of future foundation.

Types of foundations

Tape

This type of foundation is common in the construction of private houses on strong ground. By the way of construction, it can be:

• prefabricated;
• monolithic.

Monolithic is simple - they dig a trench for it, install the formwork, make a reinforcing frame, pour concrete. When erecting a prefabricated structure, ready-made reinforced concrete blocks, rubble stone or ceramic bricks are used.

The strip foundation can be shallow-buried along the depth of the bookmark. This type is popular with private developers. This can save you a lot of time and money. This type is used in the construction of one-story light houses on stable soils. The depth of soil freezing should be small, and groundwater lie low.

Attention! It is worth taking care of the ventilation of the foundation in a private house in advance. For example, for a house of 100 m², 8 holes in the base will be required - 2 on each side.

For the construction of houses with heavy walls, or when planning a basement (spacious cellar), a recessed foundation is made. It is able to withstand heavy walls, structures with two or more floors.

In addition, tape bases are divided into several types:

• flexible - has a transverse longitudinal armored belt;
• monolithic - it is concreted immediately;
• intermittent - some elements of the base are located under supporting structures;
• rigid - has a longitudinal reinforcing belt.

To choose a foundation under a private house, it is worth calculating the loads and taking into account the characteristics of the site.

Platen

The slab foundation is a multi-layer cake. A leveling layer is made from below, then there is protection, and a concrete slab is placed on top. The protective layer has insulation, hydro and vapor barrier. The leveling layer is a gravel-sand cushion. Reinforce the slab base structure with reinforcement. This helps to make your home stronger and more reliable.

The mass of the slab is so great that no process that occurs in the soil under it is capable of damaging the structure. Of course, in case of a strong earthquake, the foundation may not withstand, but for such cases, other types of foundation are provided.

The slab version requires a pit, the depth of which is determined taking into account whether the basement floor will be executed. Detailed composition of the slab base:

• leveling layers of sand, crushed stone and gravel;
• waterproofing layer;
• concrete;
• reinforcement;
• filling the pit with concrete;
• reinforcement;
• concrete layer.

The height of the slab sometimes reaches 1 meter. When constructing large buildings, such a foundation will be very expensive. One of the main advantages of such a base is durability - with correct installation it will serve for more than one hundred years.

Columnar

This type of foundation is used in the construction of private structures with light walls. Usually these are wooden houses no more than two floors. It is easy to build a columnar foundation. First, you need to drill a pole into the ground. You can also pour concrete into the drilled hole. A strapping (grillage) of reinforced concrete beams is placed on top of the posts.

Possible materials for laying pillars:

1. Wood. Such a foundation, made of wooden logs / beams, is used for baths, country houses.
2. A rock. Often use natural material, which is applicable in the construction of heavy buildings.
3. Brick. The pillars must be erected from solid bricks using a sand-cement mortar. Such a foundation fits under a house no higher than two floors.
4. Concrete. A concrete foundation is used in the construction of heavy buildings. Such a foundation is made of concrete and reinforcement.

The advantages of the columnar type of base are the low cost of construction, small shrinkage, the ability to operate on heaving soils. The disadvantages of such foundations include the mandatory implementation of the grillage, the possibility of using only for light buildings, and great sensitivity to height differences. For the construction of summer cottages and small country houses such foundations fit perfectly.

Pile

The foundation consists of several piles connected by a single slab. The latter is most often made of concrete, reinforced with iron rods. Typically, such foundations are built on sand and quicksand. The foundation can support heavy houses with two or more floors.

The pile foundation for a private house is made of different materials:

1. Wood - used in the construction of houses from logs and beams. Such piles are made more often from pine that has undergone special processing.
2. Reinforced concrete - it is chosen for houses with a lot of weight.
3. Metal - it is used if it is impossible to use a reinforced concrete structure.
4. Combined piles, made of concrete and metal. They are used in extreme conditions, on difficult soils. They can even be used on swampy soil.

Also, piles differ in the manufacturing method:

1. Pressed - they are deepened into the ground by pumps.
2. Driven - placed in the ground with hydraulic hammers. This type of pile can be used if there are no other buildings in the surrounding area. The shockwave generated by pile driving can damage neighboring houses.
3. Rammed - a well is drilled for them, and then concrete is fed into it. In this case, different types concrete - at the discretion of the developer.
4. Screw piles are the most expensive type of piles, but they can be used on any soil. The pile is screwed into the ground like a screw.

The filling of the rammed foundation for a private house is carried out independently ("home" method), without the use of special equipment. For this, a well is drilled, and then formwork is made from roofing material along the diameter of the well. It must be made 20-30 cm longer than the well. Instead of such a formwork, an asbestos-cement pipe is also suitable. At the bottom of the well, it is important to place roofing material in several layers, this is necessary so that the milk holding the composition does not go into the soil.

Then the reinforcement cage is made. This increases the strength of the pile. The concrete is poured 40-60 cm each, with regular compaction. After completing these works, you need to make a grillage. Concreting should be carried out slowly, with careful compaction.

Choosing the right foundation

• how deep the groundwater is;
• how much the soil freezes in winter;
• whether a basement will be built;
• the general condition of the soil at the site;
• the service life of the structure being built;
• materials that builders will use;
• the presence of underground communications.

Only after a high-quality and complete assessment of the soil can a solid foundation of the house be laid. In the absence of information from the company providing the land plot, all work will have to be carried out independently. First, you need to drill a well and measure the depth of the groundwater.

When laying the foundation, such a property of the soil as swelling in cold weather is taken into account. To prevent the problem from affecting the foundation, a so-called "pillow" is made under it. It includes crushed stone, sand and gravel. This will help distribute the lifting load evenly over the entire area. A special table will help you choose the foundation for a private house:

Foundation type	Stability indicators	Labor costs	Price	Load limits	Plinth	What soils is used on
	excellent			Not more than 20 tons per m²
tape	excellent			Not more than 20 tons per m²		Except for the soil, which is saturated with water
tiled	excellent		Very high	Not more than 25 tons per m²		Except drained peatlands

Not everyone can afford a tiled foundation. For large country houses, the cost of such a foundation turns into a decent amount. With a small area of \u200b\u200bthe house, a meter-long foundation slab is justified only for multi-storey construction.

Depth calculation

It was worth starting the construction of the foundation for a private house by calculating the depth to which it is to be laid. It depends on the type of soil. If it is distinguished by a high degree of heaving, the foundation is laid lower than the soil freezes through. If the soil is not porous, the base of the building is laid into the ground by 0.5 m (not less).

Removing surface water from the house is an important task. This is the only way to protect the foundation from destruction.

There are several points that will help you make a solid foundation for your home with your own hands:

1. The foundation for a building made of foam blocks should not be made on piles. It is not cost effective.
2. Columnar and tape for silty soils should not be used. If the soil is characterized by a high degree of heaving, piles are used.

To prevent the foundation from collapsing under the influence of moisture, it is worth waterproofing it. It is held different ways... One of the most popular is the use of a special film that is not able to let moisture through from the outside. The foundation must not be exposed to melt water and rain. To do this, you need to arrange a drainage system, carry out drainage work.

To understand how to build a foundation correctly, you need to perform several simple calculations, choose the type of foundation for the house and decide on the features of the construction.

An obligatory structural element used in any of the buildings being erected is the foundation. Among the constructive types of foundations for private houses known today, those are mainly used that are most suitable in terms of their qualities and fulfill certain conditions for the construction of each particular house.

The main factors for choosing the type of foundation will be:

• building design, its characteristics;
• type and quality of soil at the construction site;
• the depth of the greatest freezing in the cold season and the depth of surface waters;
• loads that can act on the foundation and, as a result, be transferred to the building itself.

Basic requirements for the foundation of a low-rise private house being laid:

• reliability of the structure;
• durability of the foundation;

Foundation types for a private house

When choosing the option for laying the foundation for a private house, they are guided by the choice of the most suitable option from the four main types of foundations for these types of houses:

• columnar foundation.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that in the modern construction of low-rise buildings for private use, they practically abandoned the use of columnar foundations.

Slab foundations are more widely used for construction on peatlands and light soils; pile foundations are mainly used for wetlands and where groundwater occurs very close to the surface. But the strip foundation for private housing construction is almost a universal option.

Strip foundation

Base of strip foundation indispensable for buildings that are planned to be erected from heavy materials. Fortification walls are more suitable for this type of house foundation. A house on a strip foundation can be two or three floors. As a rule, such a foundation is laid under a house of a simple geometric shape, it will reliably serve its owners. long years, it is the strip foundations that are most often designed for country mansions and houses.

Pile foundation

On weak soil types and in swampy areas, a pile foundation is used. A feature of this type of building foundation is the constructive transfer of the building's load onto the installed piles.

Slab foundation

An excellent option for building on light soils or soils such as peat or clay would be a device slab foundation... The main design feature is the transfer of the building's weight to a large area of \u200b\u200bthe slab foundation, thus reducing the pressure and practically no squeezing out of water.

Foundations characteristics

Considering the properties of each type of foundation, it is useful to know the main characteristics of each:

• The strip foundation is the most common type of foundation for private houses now. Strip foundations are:
• Monolithic type of foundation;
• Assembly base.

The monolithic foundation has found its application on many types of soils due to its versatility. It permeates moisture very poorly and therefore is used in areas with dry soil. During its construction, a pillow of sand and gravel is arranged, which plays the role of a base.

The process of erecting a monolithic strip foundation itself has become in many ways even simpler with the use of modern construction equipment. The beginning is arranged a base of sand and rubble, on top of which it is laid waterproofing material, the base is aligned.

A reinforcement cage is mounted in a specially arranged one. And the resulting volume is filled with ready-mixed concrete. To improve the properties of the foundation and uniform distribution of the mixture, they are additionally compacted with vibrators.

The assembly strip foundation, in contrast to the monolithic one, is assembled much faster. Its main elements are concrete blocks placed in the base. Separate blocks are additionally reinforced and connected with concrete:

• Pile foundations - foundation structures are usually made of reinforced concrete elements, metal or wood. Despite the great advantages of the pile foundation, unfortunately, it also has negative sides:
• The pile foundation is being erected using special equipment, which significantly increases the cost of the project;
• When independent device pile foundation labor costs increase more than 2 times compared to other types of foundations;

When choosing a pile foundation for a private house, as a rule, for low-rise houses, holes are torn off or drilled with a depth of 1.5-2 meters, a reinforcing cage is mounted and poured with a concrete mixture, followed by compaction.

However, a more reliable way is to use a special technique for driving or twisting piles. Subsequently, the piles are tied to form a solid foundation. Simply put, a monolithic reinforced concrete crown is put on the piles, which subsequently serves as the basis for the construction of walls.

A slab foundation is an ideal option for a homestead where it is planned. Technologically, a device of this type of base is no different from pouring a roller or plate.

A waterproofing material and a reinforcing frame are laid on the leveled platform, after which it is poured monolithic slab... The disadvantages of such a foundation include the high cost and cost of the materials used for construction.

Which to choose

As a rule, when choosing a project country house or at home for permanent residence a mandatory assessment of the site is carried out, its study and the linking of the house project to the area. Mandatory in this process is the study of the application of one of the most suitable types of foundation.

The analysis of local conditions by qualified specialists will allow in the future to significantly reduce the cost of building and operating a house.

At the same time, a simple study of the type of soil on the site, the depth of the water horizons will immediately give an answer regarding the choice of the type of foundation for building a house.

Criterias of choice

Considering the criteria for choosing options for the foundation device, you should pay attention to:

• economic indicators of each type of foundation;
• labor costs for a bookmark;
• the complexity of the device and the need to use additional technology and equipment;
• time indicator of construction.

In addition, consider and fulfill each of the types of foundations of the basic requirements for the foundation of a low-rise private house:

• reliability of the structure;
• durability of the foundation;
• the quality of the foundation of the house being built.

Advantages and disadvantages

The indisputable advantages of all the listed foundations are their strictly defined application with respect to the type of soil. However, none of the types of foundations for a private house has complete versatility.

The strip foundation, especially prefabricated over time, requires the equipment of the house with a rainwater drainage system, the pile foundation does not allow the construction of a basement, the slab is subject to various deformations during the spring and autumn saturation of the soil with rainwater.

What determines the size and price of the foundation

The main factors influencing the size and price of the foundation are:

• the size of the building being built;
• use of various materials;
• foundation technology;
• use of construction equipment and additional mechanisms;
• features of the relief of the construction site;
• the time of year when the foundation is laid.

Foundation laying rules

When laying the foundation, the following basic principles are adhered to:

• stages of work;
• checking the correctness of each operation;
• timeliness of actions;
• adherence to technology at every stage of construction.

Main steps

The main stages of building the foundation of a house include:

• preparatory - marking the site, making calculations;
• stage of earthworks - cleaning of the site, a fragment of trenches and pits for piles;
• device sand pillow, laying waterproofing material;
• formwork construction;
• frame reinforcement;
• pouring with concrete;
• the final stage is drying, a set of concrete of the necessary qualities.

Common mistakes

The most common mistakes when building a foundation are:

• non-compliance with the geometric proportions of the project;
• insufficient deepening;
• mistakes in laying waterproofing;
• improper reinforcement.

At the same time, when developing a project, you should still treat yourself more soberly, clear calculations without adding "just in case for reliability" will significantly reduce construction costs, saving the estimate from unnecessary spending on materials.

When erecting a one-story or multi-story structure, it is important to take a responsible approach to the choice of the foundation option. When planning the construction of a private house, mistakes should not be made when choosing the type of foundation. That is why it is so important to understand where this or that type of foundation is applied.

Let's consider the main types of foundations for a house in detail.

The main types of foundations for a private house are as follows:

1. Plated.
2. Pile.
3. Columnar.
4. Ribbon.

All foundations differ from each other in terms of design and construction.

To have a visual representation of a photo of the types of foundations for a private house, you can go to the Internet and type the appropriate request.

Strip foundations

This type of foundation is in the form of a tape. It can be poured both at the construction site and by means of reinforced concrete blocks. The tape base is strong enough and can be of almost any shape. But a prefabricated foundation cannot make up a complex configuration.

The strip foundation is of the following types:

• flexible (have a transverse longitudinal armored belt);
• monolithic (concreted immediately, often using a concrete mixer);
• intermittent (some elements are located under the supporting structures);
• rigid (contain a longitudinal reinforcing belt).

Slab foundations

Slab foundation is a multi-layer "cake", which consists of a top concrete slab, a protective and leveling layer. The protective layer contains insulation, as well as building materials intended for steam and waterproofing. The leveling layer often contains gravel and sand. Concrete reinforcement is used to strengthen the slab foundation structure.

Pile foundations

At the base of the pile foundation are piles. They can be made of metal or asbestos-cement pipes. The piles must be installed vertically. The excess in height is cut off, and the piles are interconnected by a grillage.

Pile foundations, depending on the location and method of fastening, are divided into the following types:

• solid (when the piles are staggered close to each other);
• driven (piles are driven into the ground using special equipment);
• screw (often metal piles are "screwed" into the ground by hand);
• cluster (arrangement of supports is carried out in n3-4 pieces in various places);
• rammed (pouring concrete into wells);
• single (settling exclusively in the corners).

Columnar foundations

This type of foundation consists of support pillars with lintels. They can be equipped both with a monolith and with the help of type-setting ready-made reinforced concrete structures.

Choose a foundation for a cottage. What to look for when choosing?

In order to competently equip the foundation for a cottage, you must first determine the main selection criteria. Among them:

• type of soil (loam, loose, black earth, clay, sand, peat, etc.);
• at what level is the groundwater;
• depth of soil freezing;
• terrain for building a private house.

Considering all the above-mentioned nuances, one can more carefully approach the choice of the type of foundation.

Types of foundations for a house from a bar

For a house made of timber, the following types of foundations are suitable:

• pile and strip shallow foundation;
• columnar and support-columnar foundation;
• pile foundation.

Pile and strip shallow foundation

Carrying out the construction of a private house from laminated veneer lumber or timber, you should immediately stop your attention on the strip shallow foundation. It has proven itself excellently on heaving grounds. This view the foundation is laid in the freezing soil layer. Thanks to this, the cost of its arrangement is significantly reduced.

In construction wooden buildings strip foundation has proven itself well. We mean houses on one floor made of laminated veneer lumber and logs. The entire structure of a private house will reliably stand on a solid-cast rigid reinforced frame, poured with solid concrete.

Columnar and supporting-columnar foundation

The pillar-support foundation has several advantages when building lightweight wooden houses: efficiency and ease of arrangement.

This type of foundation, as well as a shallow one, is laid in freezing soybeans. It is often used in harsh climates.

The support-column foundation is quite simple to make, but it has one drawback. Due to the fact that the piles are located separately from each other, over time they give uneven shrinkage, and this significantly worsens the performance of the entire structure.

Pile foundation

Today, the pile foundation is gaining popularity. It is based on metal piles of various configurations. Why is this type of foundation good? The fact that it can be mounted in any weather conditions on any type of soil. In addition, it outperforms the strip foundation in cost. Such a foundation is made within a few days on its own. The pile foundation during its construction does not require special equipment. Everything can be done by hand. The service life is over 80 years.

Laying the foundation is the most important process in any construction, be it a skyscraper or a private house. Each owner must choose the type of construction for the future home, regardless of whether he will build on his own or professional workers will do it. In the second case, you will receive recommendations from the masters, but it will not hurt to figure out for yourself what types of foundations for the house are used today. In this article, we will analyze each design in detail, and also find out in what cases it is used.

The diagram shows the main types of structures for a private house.

For structures made of wood, foam blocks or concrete, the following types of foundations are used:

• tape;
• pile;
• columnar;
• slab.

It is impossible to single out the best or worst option, since the design of each type of foundation for private houses is different. Accordingly, construction costs will also vary.

Advice: in order to choose a suitable foundation, it is necessary to build on the climate, the base material and the characteristics of the soil. In any case, consultation with professional builders will not be superfluous.

And now we will analyze each type for a wooden and concrete private house, as well as structures made of foam blocks.

Strip foundation

The structure is made of concrete strips buried in the ground, which take the load from all load-bearing elements of the building: columns and walls. As a support for concrete belts, foundation slabs are used, which function as distribution pads. For private wooden house this is the easiest option, because you do not need to prepare the ground. The forces from the supporting elements are transmitted over a large area of \u200b\u200bthe earth.

Strip foundations can be divided into four types:

• intermittent - separate pieces of tape are located under the walls;
• rigid - equipped with an additional belt of reinforcement, this type is used in large structures;
• monolithic - a standard version that looks like a solid tape;
• flexible - there is transverse-longitudinal reinforcement throughout the structure.

Device

In practice, formwork is installed in the ground, reinforced with a belt of reinforcement. Next, a concrete mixture is poured into it. This view is for wood or concrete house quite simple, but time consuming due to long preparatory work.

• the easiest way to make the foundation for a private house.
• work can be done on your own.

• requires a lot of resources;
• long curing time.

The photo shows the completed strip foundation, which also includes a porch with steps. This option is suitable for different designs.

Alternatively, a block base is used, which is cheaper and takes less time; its disadvantage is the presence of joints.

Pile foundation

This type, as you might guess from the name, is made from individual elements or pre-prepared groups. From above, the piles are connected by a grillage - usually a beam or a solid slab of reinforced concrete is used for private houses. A pile foundation for a concrete, wooden dwelling, as well as for a foam block structure is used quite often. If heavy loads need to be transferred to the ground, and its characteristics are not enough for this, then a pile foundation is taken. It is also advisable to use this type of structure for a wooden building.

The diagram shows the foundation on screw piles... As you can see, this design requires a minimum amount of materials.

Pile foundations can be divided into six types:

• driven - a standard option, in which piles are driven into the ground;
• cluster - used under difficult construction conditions, several piles are mounted in different places of the foundation;
• rammed - used in large-scale buildings, piles are poured into special wells;
• solid - piles are located as close to each other as possible, this type is also called "pile field";
• screw - metal piles are screwed into the ground;
• single - the method is used under comfortable conditions, the piles are mounted only at the corners of the foundation.

If the house will stand on soft ground, then piles are an excellent solution for wood and concrete structures, as well as for foam block structures. The piles will penetrate the soft soil and "lean" on the solid ground. Piles for a private house are made of wood, concrete, metal, as well as from combinations of the listed materials.

Sometimes a pile-strip foundation is chosen for a private house, which is shown in this diagram.

Screw and sold as ready-made elements for construction, so they can be immediately screwed in or driven into the ground. Concerning rammed piles, then they must be made already at the site where the construction of a private house is underway. The installation is followed by alignment, then, using the grillage, the piles are connected into an integral structure. An important point: the width of the future wall of a wooden or concrete house should be equal to the width of the grillage.

• piles can be installed, regardless of the type of relief;
• fairly easy installation.

Disadvantages:

• suitable only for small buildings.

Column foundation

The design is similar to the pile version, only here the foundation is a pillar that is immersed in a special well. Also the post can be loaded without preliminary preparation... If the welded and strip structures are connected using a grillage, then the pillars are attached to each other with reinforced concrete beams.

This type is used for private wooden houses, as well as for buildings made of other light materials, the weight of which does not exceed 1000 kg / m3. If you are planning to build with your own hands, then it is best to make pillars for the foundation from brick or rubble concrete. During the pouring of the post, it is necessary to perform reinforcement every 35-45 centimeters. Alternatively, you can buy ready-made items.

Tip: you can use a columnar base if the structure will stand on soil that is not subject to thermal deformation.

• fairly cheap base;
• you can do it yourself.

Disadvantages:

• not suitable for large houses.

Slab foundation

The design is as follows: a deep reinforced concrete slab is laid on the ground. The thickness of the main element can be from 30 to 100 centimeters. Reinforcement is a must for this type of construction. In the slab foundation, reinforcement with a diameter of 12 to 25 millimeters is used. The construction is usually used on soft soils (bulk, quicksand, sand, etc.).

In private construction of a house made of concrete or foam blocks, a tiled foundation is rarely chosen, since complex calculations are required here. The main disadvantage of this design is the absence of a basement, because a solid slab cannot be broken. Usually this type is chosen in the most difficult situations. There is only one requirement for a solid slab - a flat foundation. In other cases, welded or strip foundations are used.

It looks like a ready-made slab foundation for a dwelling made of foam blocks or concrete, as well as for a wooden private house.

Among other types, the monolithic slab has the highest bearing capacity and durability for houses made of wood, foam blocks or other materials. As for the shortcomings, there is only one - increased material costs. In any case, the design pays off in terms of strength.

• has increased strength;
• suitable for soft soils.

• high cost;
• requires a flat surface.

Eventually

Compare all structures, study their pros and cons, find out on what soil the future house of concrete, foam blocks or wood will stand. When you have this information, you can build a reliable and comfortable home.

What type of foundation to choose for a private house? updated: January 24, 2017 by the author: zoomfund

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Foundation - the foundation on which the building is supported, taking all the load coming from above. The service life of the structure, its strength and reliability largely depend on its reliability. Arrangement of the foundation is possible in various ways, so it's time to figure out what types of foundations are suitable for building a private house, what are their differences and main advantages.

Strip foundation

The structure of this format is presented in the form of belts buried in the ground, which bear the main load from the building. At the same time, the belts themselves are supported from foundation slabs, which allows you to distribute the load over a sufficiently large area. The construction of the strip foundation does not require a range of preparatory work, which increases its relevance in a situation where the construction of a building should be completed as soon as possible. At the same time, it is not able to withstand heavy loads, therefore, it is most often used for one- or two-story buildings.

The depth of the bookmark is determined based on the materials used and the type of execution. Experts use the following classification of tape bases:

• - made of reinforced concrete blocks, laying is carried out using specialized equipment;
• Monolithic foundation - formed directly at the construction site.

This type of foundation is characterized by simplicity and efficiency of construction, excellent bearing performance and use as basement walls - a universal option widely used in a variety of situations.

Columnar base

Columnar base - a pillar immersed in the soil or a well specially drilled for this. From above, such pillars are connected with reinforced concrete beams, equipping houses with low weight on their basis. This option is most optimal for wooden buildings with small and medium dimensions or other structures, the construction of which does not require the use of heavy building materials.

The installation of columnar foundations is carried out on soil that is resistant to deformation from sudden temperature changes. Like the previous type of base, columnar can have a monolithic or prefabricated base. As for the materials, they can be as follows:

• Brick - optimal for buildings no more than two floors high;
• Stone - for heavy buildings;
• Wood - for lightweight structures;
• Reinforced concrete - for private houses with two or more floors.

Speaking about the advantages of the foundation on the pillars, it is worth highlighting the relative cheapness and rather short construction time. At the same time, the strength indicators leave much to be desired, and you should not forget about the problems with the construction of the basement or basements.

Such a foundation has a base in the form of a reinforced concrete slab, which is laid at the required height. The thickness of the structure can be of the order of 30-100 cm, and the improvement in strength indicators is achieved through activation. Preparatory measures before installation include backfilling a sand cushion or pouring a layer of concrete.

If there is a need to equip a slab foundation with a large area, experts advise using expansion joints. The essence of the technique consists in dividing one large slab into several components smaller in size. This approach eliminates the formation of cracks, while reducing the bearing indicators of the base.

Speaking about the advantages of such a foundation, one cannot but mention the uniform division of the load going on it over the entire surface of the slab. Due to this, the structures are characterized by increased resistance to vertical and horizontal loads. The use is most important on floating ground, including sand, quicksands and others, and this use will be as reliable and durable as possible. The disadvantages include only the monolithic structure and the high cost of both materials and assembly operations.

Pile foundation

The foundation on piles includes one or more rows of piles, on top of which a slab is laid to connect them into a single whole. For the manufacture of a slab, concrete is used, carrying out, if necessary, additional reinforcement of the structure due to its reinforcement with metal bars.

Such a foundation is indispensable if you need to build a private house on an area with weak surface soil, or in a situation where there are significant differences in height on the ground - from 0.5 m or more.

The use of this type of foundation ensures the supply of a load to a weak soil without deformation of the structure and the occurrence of various kinds of defects on it, and in addition, it makes it possible to withstand even a significant load from an erected private house.

The materials from which the piles can be made are used very different - it all depends on the characteristics of the project and the tasks to be solved on its basis. The following options are most in demand:

• Wood is ideal for small private houses. Such piles are often made of specially treated pine;
• Reinforced concrete - on this basis, it is possible to erect a building with a large weight;
• Steel - used in situations where the installation of concrete piles is not possible;
• Combined version (concrete and steel) - suitable for the need to erect a structure on difficult soil, such as swampy soil.

The choice of the optimal type of foundation depends on many aspects that should be considered at the stage of preparing and carrying out calculations. First of all, they carry out engineering and geological analysis of the site where the work is planned. Experts advise considering the following aspects:

• The type of soil and the state in which it resides;
• Groundwater and the depth of its flow;
• The depth to which the soil freezes;
• The presence of a basement or basement in the project;
• Underground communications and their features;
• Materials that are planned for use;
• The durability of the structure under construction and so on.

What is better to refuse

Before making the foundation, you should familiarize yourself with the factors, following which will save time, nerves and funds:

• Tape and columnar base is inappropriate for use on heaving, muddy and subsiding soil;
• No need for over-enthusiasm pile foundation - if the soil has normal resistance, it is quite possible to get by with a cheaper tape base;
• If you are not confident in your own strengths, the preparation of the project and the erection of the foundation should be entrusted to professionals. The slightest mistake at any stage can have irreparable consequences.

The construction of a private house is permissible on different variations of the foundation - it largely depends on the characteristics of the terrain and the technical nuances of the building itself. The main thing to do right choice and spend construction works in strict accordance with current standards and recommendations.