Ancient Greek Olympians. First Olympic Games

National holidays, accompanied by games, were of great importance for the development of ancient Greek civilization. The first place between them, both in antiquity and in importance, was occupied by the Olympic Games. There was a legend that the beginning of these games was laid by a treaty concluded between the famous Spartan legislator Lycurgus and Iphitus, the king of the region of Elis adjacent to Laconia. The agreement stipulated that the Spartans and Elidians would celebrate a common holiday in the temple of Olympian Zeus by the Alphea River.

When this general holiday was established, during which hostilities ceased, we do not know for sure. A later Greek legend gave the beginning of the Olympic Games a mythical origin: it said that the games were established by Hercules by defeating the king of Elis Augeas, and that he determined the size of the stage by substituting leg to leg along the length of this line. It is only known for certain that from the first third of the 8th century, the organizers of the Olympic holiday began to keep a list in which they wrote down the name of the one who won the race. This list starts with the games of 776 BC, so now historians also start counting the Olympiads from this year.

Plan of ancient Olympia. The numbers indicate: 1. Northeastern propylon (entrance) 2. Pritanion 3. Philipeion 4. Temple of Hera 5. Pelopion 6. Nympheus 7. Metroon 8. Zanes 9. Crypt 10. Stadium 11. Portico Echo 12. Building of King Ptolemy II and Arsinoe 13. PorticoHestia 14. Hellenistic structure 15. Temple of Zeus 16. Altar of Zeus 17. Ex-voto of Achaeans 18. Ex-voto of Mikythos 19. Nika Paeonia 20. Gymnasium 21. Palestra 22. Theokoleon. The treasuries of the cities are designated by Roman numerals: I. Sikion II. Syracuse III. Epidaurus IV. Byzantium V.Sybaris Vi.Cyrene Vii. Unknown VIII. Altar? IX.Selinunte X. Metapontus XI. Megara XII. Gela

Humanity took from Ancient Greece not only democracy, but also the Olympic Games. It is not surprising that it was in Hellas that one of the most popular competitions of our time was born, where the cult of the human body was at the highest level. In addition, the Greeks were attracted by the spirit of competition, so the inhabitants of Hellas preferred to fight not on the fields of war, but in sports.

When did the Olympic Games start?

Historians have established that the first competitions, known today as the Olympic Games, were held in Greece in the 8th century. BC. Their main motto was the expression "Faster, higher, stronger." These words fully reflected what the Greeks aspired to during the competition.

The Greeks loved sports, constantly kept themselves in shape, which was due to objective reasons. Hellas was subjected to raids from neighboring countries, the Greek city-states fought among themselves. The Greeks who served in the army and navy had to be in excellent physical shape. Gradually, the cult of a beautiful athletic body spread among the inhabitants of all Hellas. Sports training was carried out in gymnasiums, in which classes were included in daily education.

Only men took part in all competitions. They were also spectators, women were not allowed into the stands. An exception was made only once for the priestess of the goddess Demeter, whose name was Hamina.

Only athletes from the Peloponnese polis took part in the first Olympic Games. Later, athletes from Corinth, Sparta and other policies of Greece, residents of the Greek colonies in Central and Asia Minor, Sicily, Phenicia were allowed to participate in the competition. Gradually, athletes from other countries, who were in Asia, Africa, and Europe, began to take part in the Games.

In 394 AD, the Olympic Games were banned, since Greece was conquered by Rome, Christianity spread and became the state religion in Hellas. At that time, the Games had already been held 293 times.

The Olympic Games were accompanied by national holidays that contributed to the development of Greek culture. On the day of the start of the competition, a general holiday was held in the main temple of Zeus, which had the nickname Olympic. The temple stood on the Alphea River, and it was from here that the first competitions began, which turned into the Olympic Games. The exact date of the start of the Games is determined by a special list, in which the organizers of the all-Greek sports competitions recorded the names of the winners in the race. The oldest list starts from 776 BC. And this date is officially accepted in the history of the Olympiad counting.

Thus, the Olympic Games were held every four years on the first full moon after the summer solstice.

Versions of the appearance of the Olympic Games

There are several options as to why the Olympic Games appeared in Greece. The most popular are:

• The king of Phrygia named Pelops, who spent his childhood on Olympus, won the chariot competition. It was he who came up with the idea to hold such competitions regularly, once every four years.
• The son of Zeus, Hercules, organized a festival for all the inhabitants of the kingdom of the ruler of Augia, during which athletes' competitions were held. And then he decided that they should become regular.
• Between Sparta and the rest of Hellas, there was a constant struggle for dominance in the Peloponnesian peninsula. Once the rulers Liturg (Sparta) and Iphit (the rest of Hellas) signed a truce, during which the first Olympic Games were held. As the legend says, it was then that the place for the competition was established. The choice fell on the place Olympia, which is located near Mount Kronos.

The terrain was convenient for competitions and suitable for spectators to watch sports games. A sports complex was built for the athletes, which was a real architectural masterpiece for its time. It consisted of a hippodrome, a stadium, baths, gymnasiums, sports grounds on which the Greeks played ball, wrestled, and threw a disc.

rules

The games were managed by the inhabitants of Hellas, who were supposed to organize competitions, keep order, and ensure the reception of guests and athletes. Their right was once taken away by the inhabitants of Pisa, but most of Greece did not accept it. And again, Hellas became the head of the Olympic Games. The traditions and rules of sports competitions include:

• Hellas sent to all countries of the ancient Greek world the so-called "messengers of peace", who announced that the holy month of the holiday in honor of Zeus had come. This meant that all wars in the Peloponnesian Peninsula had to be ended.
• For states-policies that violated the agreement on ignorance of war, or the statutes of the Games, then the participants in the policy were generally excluded from the competition.
• Sin had to be atoned for by repentance and the payment of a fine. The money went to the maintenance of the temple of Zeus.
• Private residents of this or that state, who violated the charter of the Games, had a choice of who to pay the fine. You could choose at your own discretion - the policy where the person constantly lives, the Olympic temple of Zeus.
• The competition was monitored by special judges called elladonics.
• Athletes to the judges had to declare in advance that they want to participate in the competition, as well as provide evidence that they were not deprived of their civil rights.
• Athletes had to take an oath that they would compete fairly and would not use tricks.
• Also, the participants of the competition confirmed under oath that they had been engaged in gymnasiums for 10 months, devoting most of their time to gymnastic exercises, improving the spirit and body.

Embassies from policy states that took part in the Games had to go to Olympia along a special sacred road. Then all the participants in the competition were obliged to gather at the altar of Zeus, which was located in the olive grove. As a sacrifice to the Supreme God of Mount Olympus and all the Greeks, they sacrificed animals brought from their native countries. The embassies were obliged to bring sacrificial bowls with them.

Poplar firewood was piled up in sacrificial fire, and fat was poured over the killed animals on top. While the fire was blazing, athletes and other participants had to sing. As soon as the fire was extinguished, the competition began.

Where did the ancient Greeks compete?

The following sports were presented at the Olympic Games:

• Wrestling.
• Fist fight.
• Horse racing.
• Short and long distance running.
• Pentathlon.

Games began with running, which was one of the oldest species. gymnastic exercises... The participants ran in batches, each of which consisted of four people. At the first Olympic Games, runners wore a belt, but then they took it off, and the athletes were completely naked.

Simple running in competitions was quickly abandoned, making it more difficult. In particular, the athletes ran the stage more than once, but two times, and then eight in general. The "company" for the run was wrestling, jumping, discus throwing and fistfights. The latest sport to appear was chariot racing. Its appearance was associated with the presence of rich Greeks at the competitions and the complication of social life in Hellas itself.

Initially, only and exclusively local residents of Olympia could be athletes. However, for the thirteenth games in a row, they are joined by the inhabitants of all of ancient Greece. Subsequently, residents from the ancient Greek colonial cities, who arrived from everywhere - from the Black to the Mediterranean seas, join the participants in the Olympic competitions.

Only free Greeks became participants in the Olympic Games in ancient Greece, who did not ever commit one or another crime, did not break their oaths and did not stain themselves with dishonorable acts. Accordingly, it was impossible for slaves and foreigners to represent any Greek city.
With regard to age restrictions, both adult men and young men under the age of 20 could become participants in the competition.

They were called "ephebes", which translates as "mature".
Women were forbidden to participate. Moreover, the restriction concerned not only participation in competitions, but also the very presence in the territory where the festival was held. An exception to the rule was the presence of a priestess, a representative of the goddess Demeter, and a woman could also be the driver of the quadriga, respectively, receiving the right to speak at the racetrack.

The participants of the Olympic Games lived on the outskirts of Altis, where a month before the opening of the competition, they trained in palestra and gymnastics. This tradition has become the inspiration for the Olympic village that takes place in modern games. The expenses for the accommodation of athletes in Olympia, the preparation of competitions and various religious ceremonies, were borne either by the athletes themselves - the participants in the games, or by the city from which they competed.

How were the Olympic Games in ancient Greece

The start date of the event was set by a commission specially created for this, about which then special people, called spondophores, notified the residents of other Greek states. Athletes came to Olympia a month before the start of the games, during which time they had to train under the guidance of experienced coaches.
The course of the competition was observed by the judges - elladonics. In addition to the judicial function, the duties of the Elladonics included the organization of the entire Olympic holiday.

Each athlete, before speaking to the people, had to prove to the judges that during ten months before the start of the games, he was intensively preparing for the competition. The oath was taken near the statue of Zeus.
Initially, the duration of the Olympic Games was 5 days, but later it reached even a month. The first and last day of the games was devoted to religious rituals and ceremonies.
The public learned about the sequence of holding a certain type of competition with the help of a special sign. Those wishing to take part in it had to determine their order by drawing lots.

Ancient Greece Olympic winners

The winners of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were called Olympians. They became famous throughout Greece, they were greeted with honor at home, as athletes represented not only themselves at the games, but also the city-state from where he came. In the event of a three-time victory at the games, a bust was installed in Olympia in honor of such an athlete. The winner's award was an olive wreath, and he also stood on a pedestal, the function of which was performed by a bronze tripod and took palm branches in his hands. Also, as a reward, they gave out a small cash bonus, but he received the real benefits already upon returning home. At home, he received many different privileges.
Milon of Croton is considered one of the most famous Olympians. He won his very first victory in wrestling in 540 BC, during the 60th Olympiad. Later, between 532 and 516, he won five times, and it was only at the age of 40 that he lost to a younger athlete, without achieving Olympic status for the seventh time.

Sunset Olympic Games

In the second century BC. The Olympic Games began to lose their great importance, becoming a local competition. This is due to the conquest of ancient Greece by the Romans. Several factors are believed to be responsible for the loss of its former popularity. One of them is called the professionalism of athletes, when the games became, in fact, collecting victories from the Olympics. The Romans, under whose dominance Greece was, perceived sport solely as a spectacle, the competitive spirit of the Olympics was not interesting to them.

Who Banned the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

The end of the thousand-year history of the Olympic Games was the result of a change in religion. They were closely intertwined with the Greek pagan gods, so their implementation became impossible after the adoption of the Christian faith.

Researchers associate the ban on the Olympic Games with a certain Roman emperor, Theodosius. It is he who publishes in 393 A.D. the body of laws prohibiting paganism, and the Olympic Games, in accordance with these new legislative acts, become completely banned.

The healing forces of nature

The healing forces of nature include sun, air and water.

These natural factors play an extremely huge role in human life. First of all, they are living conditions in general, and human health itself depends on how he uses them.

The use of healing powers of preroda for physical. education is carried out in two directions:

As necessary conditions for physical education (outdoor activities contribute to the activation of biological processes caused by physical exercise, increase the body's resistance to temperature fluctuations, solar radiation, increase the overall performance of the body, slow down the processes of fatigue)

As a relatively independent means of hardening and healing the body of those who occupy (systematic hardening procedures - dosed sunbathing, water procedures, dousing, rubbing, bathing in rivers and reservoirs, staying in mid-mountain conditions, while the measure of the adaptive capabilities of the body is not violated, health is strengthened, working capacity increases ).

THE REVIVAL OF OLYMPIC GAMES is associated with the name of Pierre de Coubertin, (1863-1937) a French aristocrat, educator, keen on the idea of \u200b\u200breforming education in France, introducing elements of the ancient education of youth. Disappointed with politics and the prospect of a military career, the young Baron Pierre de Coubertin decided to devote himself to educational reform in France. He also wrote in 1886-1887. published a number of articles on the problems of physical education.

In the second half of the 19th century, thanks to the creation of the first international federations (gymnasts, 1881, rowers, 1892, skaters, 1892) and the holding of world championships and international meetings, sport becomes one of the most important elements of interstate communication, contributing to the rapprochement of peoples.

Coubertin's initiative at the constituent congress in Paris (1894) was supported by representatives of 12 countries. The governing body of the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was created and the Olympic Charter developed by the Baron was approved by the set of rules and regulations of the IOC.

Subsequently, the Olympic Charter became the basis for the statutory documents of the International Olympic Committee. Its first section contains a description and statute of the Olympic flag (approved by the IOC in 1913 at the suggestion of P. de Coubertin) a white cloth with an Olympic symbol representing five colored intertwined rings (according to the number of continents). The Olympic symbol was also proposed by Coubertin and approved by the IOC in 1913. Since 1920, along with the symbol, the Olympic motto Citius, altius, fortius ("Faster, higher, stronger") has been an integral part of the Olympic emblem. In 1928, Coubertin's idea, expressed by him back in 1912, was embodied, the lighting of the Olympic flame from the sun's rays (with the help of a lens) at the Temple of Zeus in Olympia and its delivery by a torch relay to the Olympic Stadium for the opening ceremony of the Games along a special route developed by the organizing committee of the next Games jointly with the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the countries through which it passes.

According to the Olympic Charter, the honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given to a city, not a country. The decision to elect the capital of the Olympic Games is taken by the IOC no later than 6 years before the start of the Games.

The 1896 Summer Olympics - the first modern Summer Olympics - were held from April 6 to 15 in Athens, Greece.

The first modern Olympic Games were originally planned to be held at the same stadium in Olympia, where the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece were held. However, this required too much restoration work, and the first revived Olympic competitions took place in the capital of Greece, Athens.

On April 6, 1896, at the restored antique stadium in Athens, the Greek king George declared the first Olympic Games of our time open. The opening ceremony was attended by 60 thousand spectators.

241 athletes from 14 countries took part in the Games of the I Olympiad: Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary (at the time of the Games, Hungary was part of Austria-Hungary, but Hungarian athletes performed separately at the competitions), Germany, Greece, Denmark, Italy , USA, France, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden.

Russian athletes were quite actively preparing for the Olympics, however, due to lack of funds, the Russian team was not sent to the Games.

As in ancient times, only men took part in the competitions of the first modern Olympics.

Track and field competitions have become the most massive - 63 athletes from 9 countries took part in 12 events. The largest number of species - 9 - was won by the representatives of the United States.

The first Olympic champion was the American track and field athlete James Connolly, who won the triple jump with a score of 13 meters 71 centimeters.

Since there were no artificial pools in Athens, swimming competitions were held in an open bay near the city of Piraeus; the start and finish were marked with ropes attached to the floats. The competition aroused great interest - about 40 thousand spectators had gathered on the shore by the beginning of the first swim. About 25 swimmers from six countries took part, most of them naval officers and sailors of the Greek merchant fleet.

The culmination of the Olympic Games was the marathon run. Unlike all subsequent Olympic marathon competitions, the marathon distance at the Games of the I Olympiad was 40 kilometers. The classic marathon distance is 42 kilometers 195 meters. Greek postman Spiridon Luis, who became a national hero after this success, finished first with a score of 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds. In addition to the Olympic awards, he received a gold cup established by the French academician Michel Breal, who insisted on including a marathon run in the Games program, a barrel of wine, a ticket for free food throughout the year, free tailoring of a dress and use of the services of a hairdresser throughout his life, 10 centners of chocolate, 10 cows and 30 rams.

The winners were awarded on the closing day of the Games - April 15, 1896. Since the Games of the 1st Olympiad, a tradition has been established to perform in honor of the winner of the national anthem and to raise the national flag. The winner was crowned with a laurel wreath, a silver medal, an olive branch cut from the Sacred Grove of Olympia, and a diploma by a Greek artist. The runners-up received bronze medals.

Hygienic factors.

Hygienic factors include: personal and public hygiene (cleanliness of the body, cleanliness of places of employment, air, sports suit), adherence to a sleep schedule (a violation can completely remove the positive effect of physical exercises and even harm health), adherence to a diet ( violation reduces the result of physical education), compliance with the regime of work and rest. Excessive work worsens health, as does constant rest.

The morphofunctional ability of the locomotor apparatus is called flexibility, which allows performing movements with a certain amplitude.

Flexibility affects the level of development of coordination abilities, endurance, speed and speed-strength abilities.

In a person with poor flexibility, movement is slower, all other things being equal, because low mobility in the joints reduces the speed of movement. Such a person gets tired faster, since movements with the same amplitude, a non-flexible person spends more energy than a flexible person.

Flexibility depends on the following factors:

1. Anatomical structure and shape of joints and articulating surfaces. The deeper glenoid cavity limits the range of motion in this joint. In this regard, flexibility is largely determined by innate, hereditary characteristics that have large individual differences.

2. Elasticity of the musculo-ligamentous apparatus surrounding the joints.

3. The strength ability of the muscular system, in particular, the strength of the muscles that produce movement (synergists), and the degree of relaxation of the antagonists.

4. Age and gender of a person ( naturally flexibility increases on average up to 10-12 years, then stabilizes, and from 25-30 years begins to decline). The optimal age for improving flexibility is from 8 to 14 years.

5. External conditions: air temperature (at 20 ... 30 ° С flexibility is higher than at 5 ... 10 ° С); whether a warm-up was carried out (after a 20-minute warm-up, the flexibility is higher than before the warm-up), the time of day (flexibility is minimal in the morning, it increases in the afternoon, decreases in the evenings due to fatigue).

By the form of manifestation distinguish between active and passive flexibility.

Active flexibility - movement with a large amplitude is performed due to the own activity of the corresponding muscles. Passive flexibility - the ability to perform movements under the influence of external tensile forces: partner efforts, external weights, special devices, etc.

By the way of manifestation flexibility is divided into dynamic (manifested in movements) and static (manifested in postures).
There is also general (high mobility in all joints) and special flexibility (range of motion corresponding to the technique of a specific motor action).

The main means of developing flexibility is:

Dynamic control without burden,

Dynamic exercises with weights,

Static controls

Ticket 28

1. Modern Olympic Games, their symbols and rituals. The Olympic Charter is the basic law of the sports movement of our time.

Modern Olympic Games - the largest international complex sports competitions, which are held every four years under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee.

The modern Olympic Games were revived at the end of the 19th century by the French public figure Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympics, have been held every four years since 1896, with the exception of the years during the World Wars. In 1924, the Winter Olympics were established and were originally held in the same year as the Summer ones. However, since 1994, the timing of the Winter Olympic Games has been shifted by two years from the timing of the Summer Games.

In the same places where the Olympic Games are held, the Paralympic Games for people with disabilities are held a few days later.

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are determined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

The symbol of the Olympic Games is the Olympic rings, five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five inhabited parts of the world in the Olympic movement. The color of the rings in the top row is blue, black and red. In the bottom row - yellow and green.

Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order in which they are held):

• grandiose and colorful ceremonies of the opening and closing of the Games.
• opening and closing begins with a theatrical performance, which should present the viewers with the appearance of the country and the city, acquaint them with their history and culture.
• solemn passage of athletes and members of delegations to the central stadium. making welcoming speeches by the President of the IOC (required), as well as by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee or other official representative of the host state. The official opening of the games (usually by the head of state) with the phrase: "(serial number of the games) I declare the Summer (Winter) Olympic Games open." After that, as a rule, a volley of guns and many salutes of salute and fireworks are fired.
• raising the flag of Greece as the ancestor country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem (at the close).
• raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.
• pronounced by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics are taking place, olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games about fair fighting in accordance with the rules and principles of sport and the Olympic spirit;
• the swearing of an oath of impartial judging by several judges on behalf of all judges;
• raising the Olympic flag with the performance of the official Olympic anthem.
• sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth, which depicts a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition of ending all armed conflicts during the Games.
• the opening ceremony is crowned with the lighting of the Olympic flame. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must be lit throughout the Olympics and extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
• presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition on a special podium with the raising of state flags and the performance of the national anthem in honor of the winners.
• During the closing ceremony, a theatrical performance is also held - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of the participants, the speech of the IOC President and the representative of the host country. Olympic Charter - a document that sets out the fundamental principles of Olympism, the rules adopted by the IOC.

The Olympic Charter serves three purposes:

• a constitutional document establishing the principles and values \u200b\u200bof Olympism;
• the IOC charter;
• regulations on the distribution of responsibilities between the International Olympic Committee, International Federations, National Olympic Committees and Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games.

2. Methods of physical education. Their general systematics and characteristics of the main groups of methods

Physical education methodsare ways of using exercise. In physical education, two groups of methods are used (Fig. 4): specificmethods of physical education (characteristic only for the process of physical education) and general pedagogical methods of physical education (used in all cases of training and education).

Specific methods of physical education:

1) methods of strictly regulated exercise;

2) play method (use of exercises in a playful way);

3) competitive method (use of exercises in a competitive form).

With the help of these methods, specific tasks related to teaching the technique of performing physical exercises and training physical qualities are solved.

General pedagogical methods methods of physical education:

1) verbal methods;

2) methods of visual impact.

None of the methods can be limited in the methodology of physical education as the best. Only the optimal combination of these methods in accordance with the methodological principles can ensure the successful implementation of the complex of physical education tasks.

A highly regulated exercise method.The main methodological direction in the process of physical education is the strict regulation of exercises. The essence of strictly regulated exercise methods is that each exercise is performed in a strictly specified form and with a precisely determined load.

Game method.In the system of physical education, the game is used to solve educational, health-improving and educational tasks.

Competitive method - it is a way of doing exercises in the form of competition. The essence of the method lies in the use of competitions as a means of increasing the level of preparedness of those involved. A prerequisite for the competitive method is the preparedness of the trainees to perform those exercises in which they must compete.

Verbal (verbal) and visualization methods (sensory methods.) Verbal and sensory methods involve extensive use of words and information.

3. Means and methods for stimulating muscle mass and harmonizing the muscle composition of the morphostructure of the body.

Optimization of muscle volumes is derived, to a decisive extent, from the all-round development of motor abilities. At the same time, it naturally depends on the individual characteristics of the physique and other factors, in particular, on the characteristics of sports specialization.

firstly, in connection with ensuring the harmonious formation of physique properties, especially if at the same time it is necessary to selectively influence certain links of the muscular system, which for various reasons lag behind in their development;

secondly, when the achieved level of development of self-strength abilities is increased and maintained, since it is largely due to the growth of muscle mass.

Although many physical exercises to one degree or another contribute to an increase in muscle mass, if necessary, to activate hypertrophy of skeletal muscles, preference is given to strength exercises, which are part of strength (athletic) gymnastics and weightlifting.

It is known that the synthesis of muscle proteins is to a certain extent directly proportional to their expenditure (splitting, decay) during intense muscular work performed under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, an adequate means of stimulating muscle hypertrophy is strength exercises, characterized by significant weights, but not by the maximum intensity, which allows their effect to be prolonged by continuous serial repetitions.

The sets of exercises used to activate muscle hypertrophy are naturally different at different stages of physical education. They include, depending on the predominant direction of the impact, exercises with general (generalized), regional and local coverage of the links of the muscular system. The indicated approach to the normalization of loads remains valid when using mainly local exercises, but the specific values \u200b\u200bof the loads must be varied, of course, in relation to the peculiarities of the functioning and structure of the muscles exposed to the influence. The effectiveness of exercises that stimulate muscle hypertrophy is enhanced by a number of methodological techniques,which increase the degree of summation of the effects in the process of serial reproduction of exercises as they adapt to the usual load rate.

One of the most essential conditions for the effectiveness of exercises used to activate muscle growth is a correspondingly balanced diet, including in an increased volume of proteins, mainly of animal origin, which are the building blocks of muscle biosynthesis.

The problem of eliminating excess fat, and sometimes total body weight, practically all the same has to be solved in physical education. The best way to act in such situations (not counting pathological cases requiring special medical intervention) is, first of all, to eliminate the attendant causes of unwanted deviations in body weight with the help of full-fledged physical education and, accordingly, adjusted nutrition. To combat excess body fat, predominantly long-term exercises of moderate intensity are recommended, such as walking, running, swimming, cycling, skiing, rowing, etc.

Ticket 29

1. National and universal values \u200b\u200bin the Olympic movement. Olympism is unity sports, culture and education. The principles of Olympism.

The main values \u200b\u200bof the modern Olympic movement, focusing on the ideas of humanism, were first formulated and substantiated by Pierre de Coubertin, who, as noted in the Olympic Charter, owns the concept of modern Olympism. They can be briefly characterized as follows:

1. The Olympian is a person who is characterized by:

• holistic, harmonious development of physical, mental and spiritual (moral, aesthetic) qualities;
• activity, dedication, focus on constant self-knowledge, self-improvement, achievements in their activities.

2. Behavior in sports, adequate to the Olympic principles and ideals:

• not just participation in sports competitions, but a constant desire to improve their results, courage, will, perseverance for the maximum possible (taking into account their own capabilities) sports achievements, to victory over an opponent, while strictly observing not only the rules, but also the moral principles underlying based on fair play;
• refusal of the desire to win at any cost (at the expense of one's own health or causing damage to the health of an opponent, through deception, violence, dishonest refereeing, and other inhuman actions).

3. Humanistic values \u200b\u200bof peace, friendship and mutual understanding: democracy, internationalism, equality of all people and peoples, education in the spirit of true patriotism, combined with mutual respect of nations, despite racial, religious and political differences.

The unity of sport and culture is not limited only to the Olympic Games, only to the elite of sports and art. Among other fundamental principles, the Olympic Charter names the connection of sport with education, which affects millions of sports fans, and above all the younger generation. Olympic education acts in organic unity with education. Pierre de Coubertin appreciated the potential of the Olympic movement in striving for humanism, noting at the dawn of the revival of the Olympic Games that in the modern world, full of powerful opportunities and at the same time danger, destructive destruction, the Olympic movement can become a school for the education of nobility and moral purity, and as well as physical stamina and strength.

The fundamental principles of Olympism:

1. Olympism is a philosophy of life that uplifts and unites in a balanced whole the dignity of body, will and mind. Combining sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a lifestyle based on the joy of effort, on the educational value of good example and on respect for universal basic ethical principles.

2. The goal of Olympism is to place sport everywhere at the service of harmonious human development in order to contribute to the creation of a peaceful society that cares about the preservation of human dignity.

3. The Olympic Movement is a concentrated, organized, universal and permanent activity of all individuals and organizations inspired by the values \u200b\u200bof Olympism, carried out under the leadership of the IOC. This activity covers five continents. Its pinnacle is the unification of athletes from all over the world at the great sports festival - the Olympic Games. Its symbol is five intertwined rings.

4. Going in for sports is a human right. Everyone should be able to play sports without being discriminated against, in the spirit of Olympism, mutual understanding, friendship, solidarity and fair play. The organization, management and administration of sports should be overseen by independent sports organizations.

5. Any form of discrimination against a country or person of a racial, religious, political nature, or on the basis of gender is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement.

6. Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires mandatory compliance with the provisions of the Olympic Charter and recognition by the IOC.

2. Methods of strict regulation of physical exercises used in teaching motor actions

Methods of teaching motor actions. These include:

1) holistic method (method of holistic-constructive exercise);

2) dismembered-constructive;

3) associated impact.

The method of holistic constructive exercise. It is applied at any stage of training. Its essence lies in the fact that the technique of motional action is mastered from the very beginning in its integral structure without dividing it into separate parts. The holistic method allows you to learn structurally simple movements (for example, running, simple jumps, general development exercises, etc.).

With a holistic method, it is possible to master individual details, elements or phases not in isolation, but in the general structure of the movement, by focusing the students' attention on the necessary parts of the technique. The disadvantage of this method is that in uncontrolled phases or details of a motor action (movement), it is possible to fix mistakes in technique. Therefore, when mastering exercises with a complex structure, its use is undesirable. In this case, preference is given to the dismembered method.

Dismembered constructive method. Applied on initial stages learning. Provides for the dismemberment of a holistic motor action (mainly with a complex structure) into separate phases or elements with their alternate learning and subsequent connection into a single whole.

The disadvantage of the dismembered method is that it is not always easy to combine the elements learned in isolation into a holistic motor action.

In the practice of physical education, holistic and dismembered-constructive methods are often combined. First, they begin to learn the exercise in a holistic manner. Then they master the most difficult highlighted elements and finally return to holistic execution.

The method of conjugate exposure. It is used mainly in the process of improving the learned motor actions to improve their qualitative basis, i.e. effectiveness. Its essence lies in the fact that the technique of motor action is improved in conditions that require an increase in physical efforts. For example, an athlete in training throws a weighted spear or disc, jumps in length with a weighted belt, etc. In this case, both the technique of movement and physical abilities are improved at the same time.

When applying the conjugate method, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the technique of motor actions is not distorted and their integral structure is not disturbed.

3. Effective exercise regimens for reducing body fat

The problem of eliminating excess fat, and sometimes total body weight, practically all the same has to be solved in physical education. It occurs with a general deficit in motor activity, excessive reduction in loads or the cessation of regular exercise (due to various attendant circumstances, in particular injuries and diseases), unbalanced nutrition and in some other cases (when cutting weight to move to a lighter weight category , to increase the indicators of relative strength, etc.). It is clear that the best way of acting in such situations (not counting pathological cases requiring special medical intervention) is, first of all, to eliminate the attendant causes of unwanted deviations in body weight with the help of full physical education and, accordingly, adjusted nutrition. At the same time, in physical education, the directed use of those factors that give an increased effect in this regard is of particular importance.

Evaluating the effectiveness of various kinds of physical exercises as factors in reducing body fat mass, they usually proceed primarily from their energy intensity, or calorimetric cost (the amount of energy expenditure during their implementation, expressed in calories). It is well known that the highest energy expenditures in the shortest time (per second) are characteristic of exercises of extreme intensity, however, the total energy expenditures when they are performed are relatively small (for example, directly during a sprint run of 100 m, they do not even reach 20 kcal), which limits them. impact on metabolic processes leading to a decrease in body fat mass. All other things being equal, the total amount of energy expenditure during the exercise, the longer its duration, the greater.

The use of body fats as the main sources of energy occurs as the carbohydrate reserves in the body are depleted, which is usually observed when continuous work, involving large muscle groups in the active functioning, lasts a long enough time - about at least 30 minutes. Even with a fairly significant one-time load, the expenditure of body fats is relatively small. For example, they are in adults who do not go in for sports, with accelerated walking at 3.6 and 8 km from 15-17 to 70 distances, respectively (according to N. Tsunz et al.).

Based on the foregoing, to combat excess body fat mass, it is recommended to predominantly long-term exercises of moderate intensity such as walking, running, swimming, cycling, skiing, rowing, etc.

At the same time, as general fitness develops, exercises of relatively high intensity, including exercises with weights, can serve as more and more effective means of eliminating excess body weight (and, what is especially important, with the simultaneous optimization of the ratio of its active and passive components). Of course, this is true provided that the total volume of energy expenditure is brought to sufficiently large values \u200b\u200b(200-300 kcal / h and more) by means of multiple serial repetitions with strictly normalized rest intervals.

To get rid of significant fatty deposits, a long-term massive use of appropriately directed exercises with a gradual increase in the volume and intensity of the associated loads is necessary.

The basis of an effective regimen for using physical exercises to eliminate excess fat mass is a system of daily loads associated with such significant total energy expenditures that they exceed the intake of energy resources from food for a certain time.

Groups of athletes also came from the territories bordering the country. Gradually, the Olympic Games took a special place in the culture and traditions of the Greeks, and centuries later, the legends about the world of the Olympians have not died out.

Games originated in Olympia

The settlement of Olympia is located on the Peloponnesian Peninsula. From the legendary city about 300 km to Athens and 130 km to Sparta. Around - the sacred grove of Zeus, known far beyond the borders of Greece. Olympia was formed in the 6th century. BC, here were always located:

1. A cultural complex consisting of temples.
2. Religious buildings.
3. Monuments.
4. Sports objects.
5. The so-called "Olympic Village" - houses in which athletes and visiting spectators lived during the competition.

During the reign of Emperor Theodosius II, Olympia was burned because this ruler forbade the games to be held. This was around the middle of the 1st century. BC. A century later, the remains of Olympia were buried for a long time under a layer of sand and silt. An earthquake struck and the ancient city plunged into darkness. Over time, it was wrapped in more and more layers of soil, deposited in the results of river floods.

Olympia saw the light again only in the 19th century. Archaeologists have discovered its ruins in the northeastern part of the Peloponnese. The researchers saw a palestra (a training ground surrounded by a side), a stadium, a gymnasium (a building for sprint training). The largest finds are gymnasiums. This is the most massive structure in Olympia. In addition to gyms, there were etplons of sports awards, statues of the most outstanding strongmen, magazines with lists of leaders, information about the dates and features of the Olympics were kept. The huge stadium was built around the 325th century. BC. It could accommodate about 50 thousand spectators.

It is known that on the territory of the sports village there was a hippodrome, a colonnaded courtyard with running tracks, arenas for throwing all kinds of shells, complexes for wrestlers. There were also baths, showers, changing rooms.

The fame of the wonderful center of sporting achievements - Olympia, spread to all corners of Greece, and then the world. Poets composed their poems about her, singers shouted, and numerous orators told. "There is no other star more noble than the sun ...", wrote the ancient Greek poet Pindar in an ode dedicated to Olympia.

Games are one of the brightest events

These largest and most popular competitions began their intensive development around 770 BC. Up to 400 BC nearly 300 Olympiads were organized. Researchers associate the origin of games with a religious custom operating on the territory of the ancient state. According to the cult, people appeased the gods, showing them their strength and dexterity. Hundreds of thousands of athletes and fans came to the Olympics. Leadership in games gave great honor to the winner ..

Over time, the authorities of other cities and towns in Greece wanted to hold similar games on their territory. So, games appeared:

1. Isthmian.
2. Pythian.
3. Nemean.

But the Olympic ones have become the most popular. Scientists find references to them in the works of the most famous poets of Greece: Plutarch, Simonides, Pausanias, Herodotus, etc. In their works, they are associated with the mythical gods, to whom the competitions were dedicated: Zeus, Apollo, Poseidon, Hermes. The cult of Hercules, known for his 12 exploits, was revered. The games were also dedicated to the ruling kings: Pelops, Lycurgus, Iphitus.

The modern Olympic flame lighting ceremony

The Olympic Games began with a cult ceremony. All athletes on the first day of the Olympics did not train hard, but spent time at the sacrificial altars. The ceremony was repeated on the closing day of the competition, in addition to the presentation of awards to the winners.

While the Olympic Games continued, any wars in the country ceased, conflicts subsided. The warring parties used the time of the competition to negotiate and conclude long-term truces.

The Olympic year lasted approximately 4 standard years. The competition cycle was repeated every 1400 days in the summer. This chain was not interrupted during the submission to the Romans (200 BC). But at this time, they violated the main principle of the games, and only Greeks began to be allowed on them. It is known that Nero and a number of Roman emperors became the winner of the competition. Over time, people from other countries began to be allowed to compete.

How were the games played?

Only those athletes who were the indigenous inhabitants of the country and were free participated. They have always been men. Later, not only residents of the Peloponnese competed, but also representatives of neighboring territories. Women (except for the priestess of the goddess Demeter) did not even have the right to appear in competitions. In addition to them, people who committed minor illegal actions were not allowed to play, not to mention criminals.

It took about a year to prepare for the games. Athletes on the list of participants conducted training under the supervision of the most respected and experienced athletes. Even before the start of the competition, a month before the start, the candidates passed the final exam (Olympic standard) in physical fitness... After that, they prepared even more intensively for sports battles. Each took an oath to follow the principles of honesty and to show decency during the competition. The guilty athletes were flogged.

Initially, the competition program included only short-distance running. At the start, the runners were equipped with aids for better acceleration. They repelled from the marble slabs, while the hands received an emphasis in special recesses.

Later competitions consisted of: running at different distances, wrestling, pentathlon, fist tournaments, chariot racing, pankration (a type of martial arts), running in military equipment, horse racing. Leonidas from Rhodes (12 victories), Hermogenes from Xaith (10), Astilos from Croton (7) had more than one olive branch, which was crowned in the temple of Zeus.

The Olympic Games were highly dependent on the standard of living and the cultural dimension of Greece. If the country fell into decay, the competitions were not as violent as usual, but they were not canceled. During the prosperous years of Greece, the competition became bright, eventful and new records. Gradually, the Olympic Games acquired a touch of pretentiousness and were more entertaining in nature. In the 4th century. AD many of the traditions have been lost. It is also important that free games existed in parallel with the slave system. The greatest sporting event influenced the pedagogy, economy, and military activities of the country. The games not only brought out the strongest, but also united entire states. After oblivion, this magnificent competition was revived in the 19th century.

Oorzhak Eresmaa

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ESSAY

on the topic: "Olympic Games in Ancient Greece"

Completed by a student of grade 5

Oorzhak Eresmaa

Introduction.

1. History of Olympic Games

2. rules , conditions, traditions of the Olympic Games in antiquity.

3. Program of the Olympic Games. Olympionics.

4. The tradition of lighting the Olympic flame

5. Importance of the Olympic Games .

6. The impact of the Olympic Games on religion andpolitics .

7. Exploring Ancient Olympia.

Conclusion

List of used literature
Introduction.

All ancient Greek holidays and sports games are associated with the gods. The famous Olympic Games that Ancient Greece gave to the world were in the eraantiquity not the only ones. The origins of the first Olympiads are lost in antiquity, but in 776 BC. e. For the first time, the name of the winner in the race was written on a marble board, so this year is considered to be the beginning of the historical period of the Olympic Games. The site of the Olympic festivities was the sacred grove Altis in Olympia. The location was chosen very well. All buildings, both early and later - temples, treasuries, a stadium, a hippodrome - were erected in a flat valley framed by soft hills covered with dense greenery.Nature in Olympia, as it were, is imbued with the spirit of peace and prosperity, which was established during the Olympic Games. In the temple of Olympian Zeus there was a statue of a god created by the sculptor Phidias, which was considered one of the seven wonders of the world. Thousands of spectators gathered in the sacred grove. In addition to the spectacles of athletic competitions, trade deals were concluded here, public performances of poets and musicians were held, exhibitionsworks sculptors and painters. Here new laws, agreements were announced, important documents were discussed. Since the announcement of the holy month of games, all warring parties have ceased hostilities. It is known that only men from among free citizens took part in sports games, never brought to trial and never convicted of dishonest acts. Women were not even allowed as spectators on painof death ... For them, there was also their own competition - in running. Thanks to numerous texts and paintings on ceramics, we now know what kinds of sports existed in Ancient Greece:wrestling , competitions of runners at various distances, throwing a javelin, hammer, disc, swimming, fistfight, running in full armor, chariot competition, lifting weights, pankration (a combination of boxing and wrestling). Athletes competed only nude to demonstrate the beauty of their bodies. This clearly manifested the physicality of ancient Greek culture. The cult of the body was so great that nudity did not evoke a feeling of shame.rules it was forbidden to kill the enemy, resort to unlawful methods, argue with judges. The awarding ceremony of the winners was also held solemnly. The winners of the games (olympionics) were awarded wreaths from the wild plum that grew near the temple of Zeus. On the last day of the holiday, a solemn procession was held in honor of the winners, and the return of the Olympian to his hometown turned into a worthless triumph. The whole city came out to meet him, the city authorities held a feast, and a statue of the winner was erected on the square: he became a national hero and was respected throughout his life.

In addition to the Olympic Games, Ancient Greece hosted the Pythian Games in Delphi, dedicated to Apollo, the Isthmian Games in honor of the god Poseidon, the Nemean Games, glorifying Zeus. Games gave religious sanction to physical virtues - "arete", and moralright dominion over people. In them, as nowhere else, such a feature of ancient Greek culture as competition was manifested.
History of Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are the oldest and most popular sporting events in Ancient Greece. For the first time (although, according to legends, this attempt turns out to be the third) they took place in 776 BC. e. and were part of the festival dedicated to Zeus. The Greeks considered the year of the first Olympiad to be very important for themselves, and therefore the ancient Greek chronology began with it.

Greece owes its second attempt to resume the Olympic Games to Hercules. The sixth feat of Hercules was the cleansing of the "Augean stables" - the barnyard of Augean. Augeas was the son of Helios and the king of Elis. Were innumerablewealth him, and especially the herd. Three hundred white-footed bulls, two hundred as red as purple, twelve as snow-white as swans, and one as shining as a star. It is not surprising that the stables of the royal house were quite neglected. And it was this garbage heap that Augeas offered to cleanse Hercules in one day and a tenth of his flocks. Augeas agreed to such a lucrative offer and, as it turned out, miscalculated. Hercules directed the streams of two Elid rivers - Alpheus and Peneus - to the stockyard, and then simply restored the walls destroyed by water. Augeus did not want to part with his beloved animals and drove Hercules out. Hercules a few years later invaded Elis with a large army and killed Augeas. In honor of the victory, Hercules made traditional sacrifices to the gods, planted a grove of olives (later the Olympians were crowned with wreaths from the branches of this particular grove) in honor of Pallas Athena and established the Olympic Games.

Since 660 BC e. - that is, from the 30th games - all residents of mainland Greece were allowed to compete, and after 10 games (40 years) inOlympiads the inhabitants of the Greek colonies also began to take part. The Olympic Games gained wide popularity, and the winners could count on a generous prize, honors and nationwide glory. The Olympionist was "crowned" with a textbook olive wreath (the branches for which were cut with a golden knife by a boy, the son of free and healthy parents) and awarded with a palm branch. Plutarch wrote that the Athenian who won the Olympic Games received 500 drachmas as a reward, which was a very considerable amount. Also, in honor of the winning athletes, sculptures were erected - sometimes in Olympia itself at the sanctuary of Zeus, sometimes in the hero's homeland. However, according to Pliny, these sculptures had similarities only with three-time winners of the Olympiads, while the rest could be content only with an idealistic image in their honor. Homeland did not stay inowe in front of their heroes - they usually received a number of economic and political privileges up to exemption from all state duties, and in some cases they were even deified. In addition to the listed awards, the Olympians could count on free meals in the city government until the end of their days, which was more pleasant and useful for them than the statue, which, moreover, had no actual resemblance. Copper statues of Zeus (called Zanami in Doric dialect), dedicated to the participants who disgraced themselves (for example, convicted of fraud, bribery, etc.) of the games, were performed onmoney , received in the form of fines, and were placed on the sides of the road leading to the Olympic stadium. The Greeks were very fond of material reminders of events.

From the 15th Olympiad - 720 BC e., Sparta, which had the character of a military-organized tribal union, becomes the dominant state in terms of the number of winners. 15th to 50thThe Olympics (720-576 BC) the names of 71 winners have been preserved, of which 36 are Spartans. For example, a certain Spartan Hypospheus is known. For the first time he won the junior wrestling, later moving to the "senior" category, and there he won the victory for five Olympiads. In other words, he has successfully competed in wrestling competitions for 24 years.

In the era greek colonization the influence of Olympia gradually spreads to Asia Minor and the adjacent islands. At the 23rdOlympiad In a fist fight, Onomast of Smyrna won, who also developed the rules for the competition of fist fighters. At the 46th Olympiad, the race winner was Polynestor of Menest, who is said to have caught up with a hare in the pasture.

Number Olympiad became only 600 years after their beginning. In the 2nd century. BC e. the astronomer and geographer from Alexandria, Eratosthenes, developed an accurate chronological table in which he dated all political and cultural events known to him according to the Olympiads (that is, according to the four-year periods between games), based on the list of Olympic winners he compiled.

The highest heyday of the Olympic Games falls on the VI-IV centuries. BC e. - The Olympics are becoming a common Greek holiday, and Olympia is the center of the entire sports world. Among other things, the Greco-Persian wars of the first half of the 6th century. BC e. managed to rally (albeit briefly) the warring Greek cities, andOlympiad were the personification of this unity.

Rules, conditions, traditions of the Olympic Games in antiquity.

The holding of the games was accompanied by certain conditions. So, the Olympiad took place once every four years at the first full moon after the summer turn of the sun (usually in late July - early August). Back in the spring, messengers-spondophores were sent in all directions with the announcement of the date of the upcoming Olympiad, appointed by a special committee. Stewards and judges of games from 572 BC e. were elected from among the citizens of the region of Elis, Hellenodica, numbering 10 people. A strict condition forolympiads there was a general truce (the so-called divine peace - ekeheria) - no military action and no death penalty. Ekeheria lasted two months, and its violation was punishable by large monetaryfine ... So, in 420 BC. e. independent Spartans fought in Elis with the participation of thousands of hoplites, for which they were fined 200 drachmas for each warrior. Refusing to pay, they were barred from participating in the games.

The athletes who trained during the year arrived in Olympia in a month, where they participated in the qualifying events and continued training in a special gymnasium, which was a courtyard surrounded by a colonnade with paths for God, platforms for throwing, wrestling, etc., a palette and living quarters for athletes ...

The composition of the participants and spectators was also regulated by special rules. 776 to 632 BC e. only free citizens of Greek policies not older than a certain age, who did not commit crimes or sacrilege, had the right to compete in the Olympiads. Later, the Romans began to be allowed to participate, if they were able to confirm with the help of cleverly drawn genealogies that they were the descendants of purebred Greeks. From 632 BC e. (37tholympiad ) competitions are introduced between boys. Barbarians and slaves (under the supervision of their masters) were allowed only as spectators. Women (with the exception of the priestesses of Demeter) were not even allowed to attend competitions, although girls were not prohibited from doing so. The mischief-makers were in for a very severe punishment - they were thrown from the mountain (probably a hint of the unfortunate Myrtil). However, the execution of such a punishment was not recorded. INhistory of the ancient Olympic games only one case is known when a woman was still present at the competition. In 404 BC. e. a certain Greek woman named Kallipateira, who trained her own son, the fist fighter Euclos of Rhodes, came to the stadium, dressed in a man's cloak-himation. In a fit of joy from the victory of the offspring of Callipateira, having made a careless movement, she showed the world her primary sexual characteristics. The deception was revealed. But there are no rules without exceptions: since her father, three brothers, nephew and son were Olympic winners, the judges still saved her from punishment. However, they contributed toregulations for holding the Olympiads, the following condition is that from now on the coaches of the participating athletes had to be present at the stadium naked.

For nearly three hundred years, the Olympic Games lasted three days. The first and last days were devoted to solemn ceremonies, processions and sacrifices, only one day was allotted to competitions.

Women had their own athletic games - Herai, dedicated to the cult of Hera. The founder of the Olympic Games for girls was considered Hippodamia - the wife of Pelops, if you remember, not so easily inherited by him. The Games were held every four years independently of the Olympic Games. Women ran with loose hair in short tunics. For running, they were provided with an Olympic stadium, only the distance was shortened. The winners were crowned with wreaths of olive branches and received a part of the cow sacrificed to Hera. They could also put up a statue with a name carved on the pedestal.

A little more about the competitions themselves, which differed in some originality. For example, competitions of wrestlers (pygme, pankraty, pale) may seem rather barbaric in comparison with modern ones. Instead of boxing gloves, the athletes' hands were wrapped in hymants - special leather belts (later with metal badges), and the wrestlers themselves were abundantly oiled olive oil, which, you see, complicated the struggle. It was allowed to beat the opponent as desired, but since the blows to the body did not matter, the target was the opponent's head. It was forbidden only to bite and hit in the ears and eyes. The concept of "weight category" did not exist. The duel could last for quite a long time; falling to the ground or asking for mercy was considered defeat. It happened that the loser paid with his life, not to mention numerous injuries. If both wrestlers were on the ground, then the judges scored a draw. A fighter who touched the ground three times and stopped fighting was called a triadden.

The most curious and tragic in the history of the Olympic Games can be called the fight in pankratia on the 53rdOlympiad in 564 BC e. The opponent of the three-time champion Arigion Figaletsky squeezed his throat with his feet, intending to strangle him. With the last of his strength, Arigion broke his opponent's ankle, forcing him to beg for mercy, thereby admitting himself defeated. However, this desperate effort cost Arigion his life. The judges, who found themselves in a rather difficult situation, since one of the wrestlers himself admitted defeat, and the second died, after a lengthy debate found an original way out: the body of Arigion was placed on the podium, and an olive wreath was put on the head of the corpse.

Running was the oldest, and before the 13th Olympiad and the only one, competition in the Olympic Games. Athletes ran naked (hence the name of the exercises - hymn, gymnastic, from the Greek gymnoi - naked). And the length of the arena - one stage - gave the name and the site - the stadium. But more on that later. Treadmill was not circular, as it is now - the athletes ran in a straight line, back and forth, as during the throw of a military unit. Running with a weapon - the hoplitodromos - demonstrated this most clearly.
Throwing is known from the poems of Homer as one of the favorite exercises of the Greeks, not only in peaceful life. Athletes-disco throwers threw a disc without spinning, which was due to the close formation of soldiers - throwing could only be done in a vertical plane.

The favorite competition of many mythical heroes was spear throwing. It also owes its origins to combat training. The spear had a leather handle, with the help of which the spear thrower, at the moment of the throw, imparted to him a rotational movement around the axis. According to the evaluation of the results, javelin throwing was divided into two types: “ekebolon”, where the distance the spear flew was decisive, and “stochasticon”, where it was judged by the defeat of a special target.

It must be assumed that the most spectacular and exciting were the hippic competitions. For the victory in them, not the driver was honored, but the owner of the horses and chariots. That is why wealthy Greeks from all types of competitions preferred equestrian ones. Moreover, any Greek could be an athlete (with minor reservations, which were discussed earlier), that is, a rich aristocrat could easily meet in a fight with a commoner from a provincial town, and even not receiving a good education. But even not every rich man could put up a chariot with worthy horses.

Olympic Games Program. Olympionics.

Athletes and their mentors came to Olympia a month before the start of the Games for qualifying training. The games themselves in the 5th century BC e. lasted 5 days: on the 1st day, when the participants of the Games took an oath in front of the altar of Zeus in observance of all the rules of the competition, sacrifices took place; on the 2nd day, competitions were held in a group of boys, in the 3rd competition for men, in the 4th equestrianism, the 5th day ended with sacrifices and was dedicated to the solemn ceremony of awarding the awards.

The first winner at the Olympic Games was considered the Elean Koreb (776 BC), who won the competition in the short 1 stage race (192.27 m). T 14The Olympics (724 BC) a double run is introduced into the program of the Games, that is, in 2 stages, the run-diablos, in the 15th (720 BC) a long run-dolichos (from 7 to 24 stadia), from the 18th (708 BC) wrestling and pentathlon, or pentathlon, which consisted of jumping, running, wrestling and throwing a javelin or discus. C 23Olympiad (688 BC) a fist fight appears. In the 25th, chariot racing, drawn by four adult horses, was introduced for the first time, in 33 (648 BC) horse racing on adult horses and pankration (wrestling without rules and a competition with fists). In the 65th Olympiad (520 BC), the program includes a running fully armed with a hoplitodrome. In the 70th Olympiad (500 BC), the run of the apena (chariot drawn by mules) appears, in the 71st (496 BC) kalpa (alternating run and race in a chariot), in the 93rd ( 408 BC) sinorida (chariot run, pulled by two adult horses), and since the 99th Olympiad (384 BC) chariot run, drawn by young horses. Horse racing on foals was introduced in the 131st Olympiads (256 BC), and in 145 (200 BC) pankration for boys.

From 720 BC e. athletes who previously performed in loincloths competed in the nude. The competitions were held in groups, into which the athletes were divided by lot (4 people each). The winner of the Hellenodica was presented with a palm branch, with which he was supposed to come to the presentation of the awards.

The name of the Olympic winner, the name of his father and the fatherland were solemnly announced and carved on marble slabs exhibited in Olympia for all to see. The Olympionists were so famous that the yearolympiads was often named for the winner. From the 7th Olympiad (752 BC), athletes were awarded wreaths from the branches of "the olive tree of beautiful wreaths", according to legend, planted by Hercules himself; from the 60th they were allowed to erect their statue in Altisa. During the feast that followed the competition, solemn epic hymns composed by the famous poets Pindar, Simonides, Bacchilides, and others were sung in honor of the Olympians. The ancient Greeks considered victory as a sign of the location of the deity, Zeus's attention to the athlete and to the city where he was born. In their homeland, Olympians were exempt from all government duties and enjoyed places of honor in the theater and at all festivities; there are cases when Olympians were deified and revered as local heroes.

The tradition of lighting the Olympic flame

History testifies that in other cities of Hellas there was a cult of Prometheus, and in his honor Prometheus was held - competitions of runners with burning torches.

The figure of this titan remains to this day one of the most striking images in Greek mythology. The expression "Promethean fire" means striving for lofty goals in the fight against evil. Didn't the ancients put the same meaning when they lit the Olympic flame in the Altis grove about three millennia ago?

During the summer solstice, competitors and organizers, pilgrims and fans paid homage to the gods by lighting a fire on the altars of Olympia. The winner of the running competition was honored to light the fire for the sacrifice. In the reflections of this fire, there was a rivalry between athletes, a competition of artists, an agreement on peace was concluded by envoys from cities and peoples.

That is why the tradition of lighting a fire was renewed, and later also delivering it to the competition site.

Among the Olympic rituals, the ceremony of lighting the fire in Olympia and delivering it to the main arena of the Games is especially emotional. This is one of the traditions of modernOlympic Movement ... Millions of people can watch the exhilarating journey of fire through countries, and even - sometimes - continents, with the help of television. The beginning of the torch relay races that brought fire from Olympia to the city of summerOlympiad , was laid in 1936. Since then, the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games have been enriched with an exciting spectacle of lighting at the main Olympic stadium of the torch carried by the relay. The Torchbearer Run has been a ceremonial prologue to the Games for over four decades. On June 20, 1936, a fire was lit in Olympia, which then made 3,075 kilometers along the road to Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Germany. And in 1948 the torch made its first sea voyage.
The value of the Olympic Games.

The Olympic Games were the unifying center of the entire Hellenic world, the sacred ambassadors of the theor represented all Greek states in Olympia. The Greeks from remote places especially revered the Olympic Games, whom they helped to keep in touch with the metropolis. Many Greek cities hosted games in the likeness of the Olympic Games or built temples of Olympian Zeus (in Athens, Chalcedon, Akragante, Syracuse, etc.).

Artists and poets gathered in Olympia, since the 50thOlympiad the custom of reading literary works and reciting poetry at the Olympic Games was established. Herodotus, returning from the East, read here the chapters of his History; In Olympia, Socrates, who walked there on foot from Athens, conducted his conversations, Plato, Empedocles, Sophocles, Isocrates, Demosthenes and others spoke with their writings. Greece. The name, solemnly announced at the Olympic Games, became known to the entire Greek-speaking world. At the turn of 4-3 centuries BC. e. the historian Timaeus of Siculus proposed to keep the chronology according to the Olympiads, four-year time periods, from one Olympiad to the next.

By the 2nd century BC e. Games are losing their splendor, becoming more and more a local event. In 85 BC. e. The Roman general Sulla, who allowed his soldiers to devastate the treasures of Olympia, moved the Games to Rome (175th Olympiad-80 BC), but after 4 years they were resumed in Greece. With great pomp, the competition was restored by the Roman emperor Augustus. Germanicus received a wreath at the games, Tiberius in 4 BC. e. became the winner in the chariot race. In violation of all age-old rules, the emperor Nero announced games 2 years earlier than the deadline, ordered the destruction of the statues of all former Olympians and introduced singing competitions, in which he became the first "winner". After his murder, the games were declared invalid. In the year 394Olympic Games, 293 in a row, were banned as a pagan festival by decree of the Roman emperor Theodosius I the Great.

In April 1896, on the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin, the FirstOlympiad which laid the foundation formodern Olympic movement .

The impact of the Olympic Games on religion andpolitics .

For the Greek world already in the VI century. BC e. two phenomena are characteristic: on the one hand, the strong development of particularism, the tenacious defense of its independence by each of the countless city-states and, on the other hand, the presence of institutions that united these states to some extent, reminding them of the connection that existed between them, recognition some general Hellenic institutions and customs. One of these institutions that united all the Zillians, albeit for a short time, was the common Greek religious festivals and related competitions.

Among them, the most important place was occupied by the sacrifices to Zeus at Olympia and the general Greek competitions held after the religious ceremony. FF Zelinsky once remarked that it would be wrong to compare the ancient Greek poets, who became famous for their poems in honor of the winners at the Olympic Games and in honor of the horses that won this victory, with a modern poet, who would have a palisade poems for the glorification of the horse that took the first prize at the races in Derby. Indeed, with such a comparison, it immediately becomes clear that we are faced with phenomena of a completely different kind. And the point is not only that the Olympic Games were understandable and close to the heart of every Greek, and not only to representatives of a prosperous minority, and not in the presence of a religious moment in antiquity, but also in the fact that the festivities held in Olympia with such solemnity every four years, had not one religious, but also political significance. Given the close connection that existed in antiquity between the state and religion, this is quite understandable.

The general significance of the Olympic competitions for the Greeks appears quite clearly in one of the stories of Herodotus, which refers to the arrival of messengers from the Elideans in Egypt. These messengers boasted that of all men they organized the competitions in Olympia in the fairest and most beautiful way, and thought that the Egyptians, the wisest of men, could not invent anything else.

But even more important is another piece of news relating to the time when a terrible threat loomed over Hellas. The hordes of the Persians were already on Greek soil. It would seem that all other considerations should have receded into the background before the thought of the need to concentrate all forces to repel the enemy. But the Greeks act differently. The Spartans send King Leonidas with a small detachment to Central Greece, dooming him to certain death. They propose to perform with all their might after: "(now) the Carnean festival prevented them." And the same intentions, adds Herodotus, were among the other allies, since at the same time there was a holiday in Olympia (VII, 206). Thus, even an urgent military need could not distract the Hellenes from religious triumph (perhaps hints of these events are contained in Thucydides).

Victory at the Olympic Games was given in the VI century. BC e. great significance: the winner became the first person of his polis not only in the minds of his fellow citizens, but also of all Greeks. Let us recall what awaited the olympionic upon his return to his homeland: a solemn meeting at his entrance to the city, a procession to the temple of Zeus, a feast, the privileges that the winner received, statues erected in his honor, odes ordered by the best poets of his time, legends created around his name, the divine honors sometimes shown to him. All this is explained not only by the addiction of the Hellenes to sports, but has a different, deeper meaning. Therefore, when studying political history archaic Greece can not ignore the question of the Olympians, especially since in the sources we find interesting news in this respect.

Whatever the origin of the Olympic competitions - whether they are associated with funeral rites, or with the periodic struggle of the magic kings for power, or, finally, with the cult of Zeus as a godwars - in the VI century. the victory at these games had a strong political resonance. Gardiner, who is an ardent opponent of the religious theory of the origin of the Olympic competitions, is right to a certain extent in his criticism of attempts to interpret many of the customs or rituals of later times, moreover, which existed not only in Olympia, as evidence in favor of this theory. But the fact that he denies the religious nature of the competitions and claims that their origin is not related to religion seems unconvincing, especially in light of the enormous comparative historical material that Frazer collected on the question of various ways of transferring royal power. But in connection with the further presentation, we are interested not so much in the question of the origin and original nature of the Olympic Games, as in what they were in the 6th century. BC e.

This century was a period of rapid growth of their fame and importance in comparison with the previous time. Works of art are the first evidence of this. Theoretically, every Hellenic person could take part in the Olympic competitions, but in fact they were available to wealthy people, and chariot racing was only for rich aristocrats or tyrants: the costs of maintaining horses, preparing for running and etc. Thus, during the period of the domination of the aristocracy, the Olympic Games became, as it were, an arena where rivalry was manifested not only among the nobility of different polis, but also among noble families within the polis. To put it more precisely: the winner of the chariot race in Olympia was a potential contender for power in his hometown, a possible tyrant. And, on the contrary, the tyrants, who had already seized power, sought to gain the upper hand in competitions in Olympia or at the Pythian festivals (we mean, in particular, the chariot race) and often, having huge means, turned out to be victors. Herodotus says that even the Argos tyrant Feydon, to whom he gave such an unflattering characterization (Feydon, in his words, “surpassed all the Hellenes with impudence”), was interested in leading the Olympic competitions. This tyrant acted very actively: he expelled the Elean organizers of the competitions and appropriatedright to judge the contestants.

The connection between tyrants and olympionics can easily be established if we trace the list of olympionics from the end of the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. Already Miron Sikion, the grandfather of Cleisthenes, won at the end of the 7th century. victory in chariot competitions. His grandson Cleisthenes, who intermarried with the Alcmeonides (he gave his daughter in marriage to Megakl, the son of Alcmeon), apparently gave great importance participation in general Greek competitions. He was victorious in 576 or 572.

By the end of the 7th or the beginning of the 6th century. the martial arts (due to the possession of Sigei) of Pittacus, the tyrant of Mytilene, and the Athenian Frinon, the winner in pankratia, are related. In addition to Cleisthenes of Sikion, other tyrants took part in competitions - Pisistratus, the Sicilian tyrants Hieron, Gelon, Feron, the tyrant of Akragant, the king of Cyrene Arkesilaus IV. Interesting in this connection is the story of the Spartan king Demarat, who was subsequently forced to flee from Sparta. True, the reason for the flight of Demarat, according to Herodotus, was completely different: an insult from another king, Leotichides. But there could also be a darkening of the tradition. In any case, Demarat the Olympian is an extraordinary person: in a conversation with his mother, he, calling on Zeus Herkei, the guardian of his house, asks to reveal to him the secret of his birth, and then it turns out that his father was God. Perhaps the father-in-law of Tsar Leotikhides, the enemy of Demarat, Diactorides, was also an Olympionist.

The Olympionic, a private individual, aroused the tyrant's fears so serious that sometimes even murder was used to eliminate the winner - and, obviously, the rival. A similar case can be found in the history of Athens in the 6th century. The relevant news is an extra feature in the everyday life of that time, characterizing the acute rivalry of noble families.

How can you explain the connection between victory in Olympia and the desire or possibility of seizing power in your hometown?

The Olympionist, from the point of view of the history of the most ancient cults, is something like Rex Nemorensis: he is the magician king, providing soil fertility, due to the mysterious interaction of heaven and earth. Chariot racing was originally a ritual in nature and, as reflected in the myths and messages of later writers, decided the question of who would be the basileus of the new year.
The Olympionics posed some threat to the tyrant who ruled the city. The way out of the situation was different: the olympionic could pass on his victory to the ruler of the polis from which he was born, or even to the tyrant of another polis; he could leave his homeland in order to found another city and become a tyrant there, or, finally, the tyrant could resort to violent elimination of a possible claimant. In any case, to deny the well-known political significance of the victory in chariots at Olympia for the 6th - 5th centuries. BC e. hardly possible.

Conclusion.

The Olympic Games in the twentieth century became one of the many cash shows, turning into a means of low-standard mass national propaganda, supplying the necessary adrenaline rate to the stagnant blood of tired humanity in time and without interruptions.

But at the dawn of its existence, the Olympic Games had a fundamentally different meaning. It was a complex of rituals and sports, aimed at the religious and cultural unification of Greece.

Such games were common in the 11th-9th centuries BC. The sport of that era can be called aristocratic, because mainly representatives of the nobility participated in the competition. The competitions were held, apparently, from time to time: there was no special venue for the competition, there was no system of rules, no institute of judges. Prizes were given to all participants in the competition, even if they took the last place, and the victory in a chariot race, in a fist fight or wrestling was estimated much higher than all the others, since these typessports were considered the most noble.

There is a certain pattern in the conduct of games: in the Homeric period, competitions were organized at the behest of some noble person or a king, later the competitions began to be organized, as it were, according to the establishment of the gods, in places associated with miracles. For example, the Pythian Games, held in Delphi, were dedicated to Apollo, who, according to legend, after his victory over the giant dragon Python, established musical competitions, and later poetry, athletic and equestrian competitions were added to them.

The system of holding and ideological orientation of the Olympic Games, a developed code of rules, a clear scale of values \u200b\u200b- all this together influenced the creation of the image of "kalos kagatos", ie. in the literal translation of a wonderful-good person. It was the ideal of a comprehensively developed person, beautiful in body and soul. Such a hero could compete with the gods, if he had not been raised on the idea of \u200b\u200bworshiping the gods and obligatory loyalty to the precepts of the ancestors. This image excited both sculptors and writers of antiquity for centuries. In the visual arts, the canon of perfection is considered to be the statue of Polycletus, depicting a young man-spearman. One example of this type in literature is the image of Iskhomakh in the works of Xenophon.

Several centuries later, Christians came here, plundered the treasuries and destroyed everything that they could not carry (and among other things, the miraclesveta - the famous statue of Zeus by Phidias). Then the barbarians walked across this land, and a couple of earthquakes completed the work of destruction.
List of used literature.
1. Kolobova K. M., Ozeretskaya E. L. Olympic Games. M., 1958.
2. Shebel T. Olympia and her games: Per. with him. L., 1971.
3. Sokolov G. I. Olympia. M., 1980.
4. Pausanias. Description of Hellas. SPb., 1996.
5. Taho-Godi A.A. Greek mythology. M, 1989.
6. Paul Guiraud. Private and public life of the Greeks., M, 1999.