In the book of V.I. Lenin. Unknown documents. 1891-1922 - M .: "Russian Political Encyclopedia" (ROSSPEN), 2000. on pp. 301-302 the following document was published:
EXPLANATION TO THE INCOME STATEMENT IN 1918 (1)
My income in 1918 consisted of two items:
(§4) the salary of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.
Since the salary varied in size throughout the year, I instructed the Office of the S [Council] N [Ombuds] K [Commissioners] to compile an extract from the books on the exact amount of the salary received for 1918. Attached is (2).
(§ 5) Literary earnings: it was received by me periodically in different amounts from Vl [adimir] D [mitrievich] Bonch-Bruevich, head of the party publishing house and settlement with the authors. A certificate from the documents on the total amount received for 1918, certified by the appropriate signatures, is attached hereto.
Addition [a] to § 4. An apartment was obtained in kind at the beginning of the year in Smolny (Petrograd), then, since the government moved to Moscow, in the Kremlin (Moscow), 4 rooms in size, a kitchen, a room for servants (family - 3 people [sheep], plus 1 servant). The cost of the apartment at local prices is unknown to me.
Pres [chair] S [council] N [arodnyh] K [omissars] V. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Moscow. Kremlin. Sep [Jan] 1919
Foundation 2, on. 1, d. 11186, l. 2 - autograph.
- On September 13, 1919, V.I.Lenin received an application form from the Moscow District Income Tax Presence Office to provide information on income in 1918. On the accompanying note to the form, Lenin marked: “Received on September 13, 1919 by V. Ulyanov (Lenin)” (Lenin collection XXIV, p. 309). On the same day, Lenin forwarded the form of the SNK manager to VD Bonch-Bruevich with a request to order extracts from the payroll and literary fees in 1918. On the back of Lenin's note, N.K. Krupskaya asked Bonch-Bruyevich to send a certificate about her fees (ibid., Pp. 309-310). No extracts found.
Lenin's income in 1918 amounted to 24,683 rubles 33 kopecks and consisted of two items of income: the salary of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR - 9683 rubles. 33 kopecks and Lenin's fees as a journalist - 15,000 rubles; on other income (from monetary capital, real estate, trade and industries and from the rights to all kinds of periodic receipt and benefits), the answers in the statement to 1 Moscow precinct on income tax are negative (“no”). The statement was signed by Lenin on September 20, 1919 (RCKHIDNI, f. 2, on. 1, d. 11186, l. 1-2).
2 There are no appendices in RCKHIDNI.
As we can see, in commentary 1, the compilers of the collection indicate that VD Bonch-Bruyevich's extracts from the lists of salaries and literary royalties in 1918 of VI Lenin have not been found. I managed to find these extracts in an article by V.D.BONCH-BRUEVICH, Vladimir Ilyich is a taxpayer. // "30 days" Illustrated monthly. 1929. No. 4. P. 34-37
Vladimir Ilyich - taxpayer
V. D. BONCH-BRUEVICH, Vladimir Ilyich is a taxpayer. // "30 days" Illustrated monthly. 1929. No. 4. P. 34-37
Lenin was not only a genius leader of the proletariat, who accurately and soberly took into account all the conditions before each new tactical move in foreign and domestic policy, but also a man who accurately and accurately fulfilled his duties as an ordinary Soviet citizen. The former head of the Council of People's Commissars V. Bonch-Bruevich lifts the curtain over this corner of Vladimir Ilyich's life.
When the law on income tax was passed, Vladimir Ilyich repeatedly told many comrades that we need to show an example of accurate, timely and correct accounting of our earnings and report them to the financial inspector with the appropriate declarations.
Finally, in September 1919, Vladimir Ilyich was sent a "declaration", which was called "Statement of Income Received in 1918". This paper was received from the 1st Moscow district office for income tax (form No. 8) "Payer's case No. ...". This "statement" was sent against the receipt of the printed "reminder of the Chairman of the 1st Moscow Precinct Presence on Income Tax". It is addressed to: "V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin." Below, in the tear-off coupon of this "reminder" with Vladimir Ilyich's own hand, it is written in the column "received": "September 13, 1919", and in the line "payer's signature" there is a handwritten signature: "V. Ulyanov (Lenin) "
Having received this "reminder," Vladimir Ilyich immediately wrote me the following letter:
"13 / IX - 1919
Dear Vlad. Dm.!
From the sent papers you will see what my request is to you. Kindly arrange for book selections and attach a statement of totals
§ 4 salary
§ 5 letter [aturnal] fee, duly signed:
§ 4- Management [s] Affairs [s] SNK
§ 5 - Publishing house "Kom [Muni] st" and the party later
M [maybe] b [s], can you also take into account the cost of the apartment?
Thank you in advance and send greetings
Your Lenin "
(See on rev [ote])
On the other side of the note, written on the eight of the scribbled sheet, read:
"Vl. Dm., Maybe you will be so kind to write how much royalties I received from you (1) in 1918.
N. Ulyanova "
Having received this letter, I immediately set about collecting information about Vladimir Ilyich's income. On September 16, 1919, I could already give Vladimir Ilyich the following certificate No.5744:
"A salary was issued from the cash office of the Office of the Council of People's Commissars to the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Comrade Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin).
January .............. Rub. 500.-
February ................... 283.- 33
March ...................... 500.-
April .................... 500.-
May ....................... 500.-
June ...................... 800.-
July ...................... 800.-
August .................... 800. -
September .................. 1200.-
October ................... 1200.-
December ................... 1200.-
Lifting ................ 1400. -
TOTAL ............... Rub. 9.683.- 33
Administrator of the Council of People's Commissars Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich,
Ch. accountant Markelov "
It is interesting that in February Vladimir Ilyich received both incomplete month (283 p. 33k.). This decrease in salary in February 1918 is explained by the fact that it was at this time that the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the introduction of the Western European calendar" was issued.
By virtue of this law, the salary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars was accordingly reduced, and Vladimir Ilyich received in February 1918, instead of 500 rubles, only 283 rubles. 33 kopecks For November, the salary was not issued at all. What was the reason for this failure - now I can not remember in any way, and this detail is subject to research.
Thus, in just a year, Vladimir Ilyich received a salary as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, 9683 rubles. 33 k. In falling currency. In addition to this income, Vladimir Ilyich at that time received a certain fee for those of his books, which were published at that time in the Kommunist publishing house, which belonged to the Central Committee of the party.
On September 17, 1919, I received a notice from the Kommunist publishing house, in which it was written:
"To Comrade Lenin
Here.
"We hereby inform you that the following amounts were paid to you during 1918 on account of the royalties for your books published:
1918 g.
January 11th order. 558 - R. 1000 -
May 13th 1357 - R. 2000 -
July 30th 3214 - R. 2000 -
Sep 17th 11/9 - R. 5000 -
Nov 1st 11/9 - R. 5000 -
Total R. 15000 -
(Fifteen thousand rubles).
With friendly greetings:
For the head of the publishing house (the signature is not legible).
For the Accountant Lyubimov.
Secretary N. Zhdanovich ".
I usually brought him the fee, and I took from him for the bookkeeping department of Kommunist, as earlier for the office of the Publishing House Life and Knowledge, such receipts:
"Through Vlad. Dmitriy Bonch-Bruevich, ten thousand rubles (2) received from a fee for [books 1) Agrarian program 1 of the Russian revolution, 2) From the history of the Social-Democratic agrarian program].
V. Ulyanov (Lenin).
The text of this receipt was written by Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich, and the signature “V. Ulyanov (Lenin) "was made by Vladimir Ilyich with his own hand.
In order to make it clear to today's readers what kind of salary the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars received at a fixed rate, I turned to the USSR Currency Board, asking for help in transferring these daily falling banknotes to a firm rate on the index of that time.
With the kind assistance of Comrade G. Goldberg, I received 6 / XI AD. d. the official notification "on the transfer of VI Lenin's earnings, expressed in Soviet signs, to commodity rubles." Since now few people remember the dizzying puzzle that such transfers were, and the very fall of the currency seems fabulous, then to explain all these complex manipulations we find it necessary to give here the full explanations of the Currency Office. “With regard to 1918 and 1919,” they tell me, “there are all-Union and Moscow indices of the Central Bureau of Labor Statistics of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, published in the bulletin of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Central Statistical Bureau and the National Committee of the Soviet Union, No. 1 of 1 / XII - 1922. These indices were not calculated in 1918 and 19, and later on the materials on prices over the years. The state of the commodity market in 1918 and 1919 was such that price data cannot, of course, be regarded as sufficiently expressing the average prices of commodities. In the absence for these years of official exchange rates of the gold ruble in the sovznaks, we have to use the Stat index. Labor of the CSPC for all transfers of paper banknotes in hard rubles for this period.
“When recalculating VI Lenin's earnings into commodity rubles, the Moscow Index of Labor Statistics of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was taken as the basis.
“It is not possible to transfer paper banknotes into hard rubles for each date separately; since the indices are calculated only on the 1st day of the month and averages for the month. Therefore, when recalculating, one or another index was used depending on the closer proximity to the corresponding date or the average monthly one.
“The data on the income received by V. I. Lenin for 1918 in commodity rubles were calculated not by transferring the total annual sum according to the average annual index, but as the sum of the received wages and literary earnings in hard rubles by months.
“The enumeration produced by these methods gives the following results:
According to the transfer of the Foreign Exchange Office, this total income of Vladimir Ilyich (24,683 rubles 33 kopecks) equaled only 266 rubles in hard rubles. 4 K.! Thus, at that time, the salary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars was on average eight rubles 75 kopecks per month. A figure that is very interesting and characteristic of a time shaken by the revolution. The entire average monthly income (salary and literary earnings) at that time for Vladimir Ilyich reached twenty-two rubles 16 kopecks a month in hard rubles.
This "Statement" was sent by the Administrative Department of the Council of People's Commissars with the following paper:
R.S.F.S.R.
Business Administration
Council of People's Commissars.
Moscow Kremlin.
№ 5761
I am sending with this a statement of income received by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) who lives in the Kremlin in the building of the former. Judicial Regulations. Attached to this statement is an official certificate from the Office of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars dated September 16 this year. No. 5744 on the money he received in payment of the salary assigned to him from January 1, 1918 to January 1, 1919 in the amount of 9683 rubles. 33 kopecks (nine thousand six hundred eighty-three rubles 33 kopecks) 2) an official certificate of the Book Publishing House and the Book Warehouse "Communist" of the Central Committee of R.K.P. dated September 17, No. 1005 for the amount of the fee received by V. I. Lenin during 1918 . for his books in the amount of 15,000 (fifteen thousand rubles.)
Administrator of the Council of People's Commissars Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich
It took us a week to collect all this information. And this week Vladimir Ilyich repeatedly reminded me and hurried me to do this, since he considered it necessary and necessary to comply with all the laws in the most exact way.He calmed down only when I informed him that all this correspondence had been handed over against receipt to the local income inspector.
Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich
- N.K. Krupskaya (Ulyanova) published several books in the publishing house "Life and Knowledge", which I was in charge of and which, merging with other party publications, formed, by the decision of the Central Committee of the party, a new publishing house. Kommunist ", where Nadezhda Konstantinovna also published her books.
- In hard currency of that time, this was, according to the calculation of the Foreign Exchange Office, only-for-only 6 rubles
http://yroslav1985.livejournal.com/146807.html
The first government after the victory of the October Revolution was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27 (old style) 1917.
Initially, the Bolsheviks expected to agree on the participation in it of representatives of other socialist parties, in particular the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, but such an agreement could not be reached. As a result, the first revolutionary government turned out to be purely Bolshevik.
The authorship of the term " people's commissar"Were attributed to themselves by several revolutionary leaders, in particular Leon Trotsky... In this way, the Bolsheviks wanted to emphasize the fundamental difference between their power and the tsarist and Provisional governments.
The term "Council of People's Commissars" as the definition of the Soviet government will exist until 1946, until it is replaced by the now more familiar "Council of Ministers".
The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars will last only a few days. A number of its members will resign from their posts due to political contradictions, connected mainly with the same issue of participation in the government of members of other socialist parties.
The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars included:
- chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin);
- people's Commissar for Internal Affairs;
- people's Commissar of Agriculture;
- people's Commissar of Labor;
- people's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee composed of: Vladimir Ovseenko (Antonov), Nikolay Krylenko and Pavel Dybenko;
- people's Commissar for Trade and Industry;
- people's Commissar of Public Education;
- people's Commissar of Finance;
- people's Commissar for Foreign Affairs;
- people's Commissar of Justice;
- people's Commissar for Food;
- people's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs;
- people's Commissar for Nationalities Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin);
- the post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily not replaced.
The biographies of the head of the first Soviet government, Vladimir Lenin, and the first people's commissar for national affairs are well known to the general public, so let's talk about the other people's commissars.
The first People's Commissar of Internal Affairs stayed in his post for only nine days, but managed to sign a historic document on the creation of the militia. After leaving the post of People's Commissar, Rykov went to work in the Moscow Soviet.
Alexey Rykov. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
In the future, Alexei Rykov held high government posts, and since February 1924 he officially headed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
Rykov's career went downhill in 1930, when he was removed from his post as head of government. Rykov, who has long supported Nikolai Bukharin, was declared a "right deviator", and could not get rid of this stigma, despite numerous speeches of repentance.
At the plenum of the party in February 1937, he was expelled from the CPSU (b) and on February 27, 1937, he was arrested. During interrogations, he pleaded guilty. As one of the main defendants, he was involved in an open trial in the case of the "Pravotrotskyist anti-Soviet bloc". On March 13, 1938, he was sentenced to death and shot on March 15. Rykov was fully rehabilitated by the USSR Chief Military Prosecutor's Office in 1988.
Nine days after the creation of the first Soviet government, Milyutin advocated the creation of a coalition government and, in protest against the decision of the Central Committee, submitted an application to withdraw from the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, then admitted the erroneousness of his statements and withdrew his application to withdraw from the Central Committee.
Vladimir Milyutin. Photo: Public Domain
Subsequently, he held high positions in the government, from 1928 to 1934 he was Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee.
Arrested on July 26, 1937. On October 29, 1937, he was sentenced to death for belonging to the counter-revolutionary organization of the "rightists". He was shot on October 30, 1937. Rehabilitated in 1956.
Shlyapnikov also advocated the inclusion of members of other political parties in the government, however, unlike his colleagues, he did not leave his post, continuing to work in the government. Three weeks later, in addition to the duties of the people's commissar of labor, he was also entrusted with the duties of the people's commissar of trade and industry.
Alexander Shlyapnikov. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
In the Bolshevik Party, Shlyapnikov was the leader of the so-called "workers' opposition", which manifested itself especially clearly in the party discussion about the role of trade unions. He believed that the task of the trade unions is to organize the management of the national economy, and they should take this function away from the party.
Shlyapnikov's position was sharply criticized by Lenin, which affected the further fate of one of the first Soviet people's commissars.
Later he held secondary positions, for example, he worked as the chairman of the board of the joint-stock company "Metalloimport".
Shlyapnikov's memoirs "The Seventeenth Year" drew sharp criticism in the party. In 1933 he was expelled from the CPSU (b), in 1934 he was administratively exiled to Karelia, in 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years for belonging to the "workers' opposition" - a punishment replaced by exile to Astrakhan.
In 1936 Shlyapnikov was arrested again. He was accused of being the head of the counter-revolutionary organization "Workers' Opposition", in the fall of 1927 he gave a directive to the Kharkov center of this organization on the transition to individual terror as a method of struggle against the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Soviet government, and in 1935-1936 he gave directives on the preparation of a terrorist act against Stalin. Shlyapnikov pleaded not guilty, but by the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 2, 1937 he was shot. On January 31, 1963, the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court rehabilitated Alexander Shlyapnikov for the absence of corpus delicti in his actions.
The fate of the members of the triumvirate, who headed the defense department, was quite similar - they all held high government posts for many years, and they all became victims of the "great terror".
Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Nikolay Krylenko, Pavel Dybenko. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, who arrested the Provisional Government during the armed uprising in Petrograd, was one of the founders of the Red Army, spent many years in diplomatic work, during Civil War in Spain he was the consul general of the USSR in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bproviding great assistance to the republican troops as a military adviser.
On his return from Spain he was arrested, on February 8, 1938, he was sentenced to death "for belonging to a Trotskyist terrorist and spy organization." Shot on February 10, 1938. Rehabilitated posthumously on February 25, 1956.
Nikolai Krylenko was one of the founders of Soviet law, held the posts of People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR and the USSR, Prosecutor of the RSFSR and Chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR.
Krylenko is considered one of the “architects of the Great Terror” of 1937-1938. Ironically, Krylenko himself became his victim.
In 1938, at the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Krylenko was criticized. Soon after, he was removed from all posts, expelled from the CPSU (b) and arrested. On the verdict of the Military Collegiums of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was shot on July 29, 1938. In 1956 he was rehabilitated for lack of corpus delicti.
Pavel Dybenko made a military career, held the rank of commander of the 2nd rank, commanded troops in various military districts. In 1937 he took active participation in repression in the ranks of the army. Dybenko was a member of the Special Judicial Presence, which condemned a group of top Soviet military leaders in the "Tukhachevsky Case" in June 1937.
In February 1938, Dybenko himself was arrested. He pleaded guilty to participation in the anti-Soviet Trotskyist military-fascist conspiracy. On July 29, 1938, he was sentenced to death and shot on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.
Speaking for the creation of a "homogeneous socialist government", Nogin was among those who left the Council of People's Commissars a few days later. However, after three weeks, Nogin "admitted mistakes" and continued to work in leadership positions, but more low level... He held the posts of Labor Commissar of the Moscow Region, and then Deputy People's Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR.
Victor Nogin. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
He died on May 2, 1924, and was buried in Red Square. The surname of one of the first Soviet people's commissars has been immortalized to this day in the name of the city of Noginsk near Moscow.
The People's Commissar of Education was one of the most stable figures in the Soviet government, holding his post permanently for 12 years.
Anatoly Lunacharsky. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Thanks to Lunacharsky, many historical monuments have been preserved, and the activities of cultural institutions have been established. There were, however, very ambiguous decisions - in particular, already at the end of his career as People's Commissar, Lunacharsky was preparing a translation of the Russian language into the Latin alphabet.
In 1929 he was removed from the post of People's Commissar of Education and appointed chairman of the Academic Committee at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
In 1933, Lunacharsky was sent by the plenipotentiary of the USSR to Spain. He was deputy head of the Soviet delegation during the disarmament conference at the League of Nations. Lunacharsky died in December 1933 on his way to Spain in the French resort of Menton. The urn with the ashes of Anatoly Lunacharsky is buried in the Kremlin wall.
At the time of his appointment as People's Commissar, Skvortsov served as a member of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. Upon learning of his appointment, Skvortsov announced that he was a theorist, not a practitioner, and resigned. Later he was engaged in journalism, since 1925 he was the executive editor of the newspaper Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Central Executive Committee, since 1927 - deputy. executive secretary of the newspaper "Pravda", at the same time since 1926 director of the Lenin Institute under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).
Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
In the party press, Skvortsov acted as an active supporter of Stalin, but did not reach the highest government posts - on October 8, 1928, he died of a serious illness. The ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall.
One of the main leaders of the Bolsheviks, the second person in the party after Lenin, lost outright in the internal party struggle in the 1920s, and in 1929 he was forced to leave the USSR as a political emigrant.
Lev Bronstein (Trotsky). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Trotsky continued the absentee confrontation with the Stalinist course until 1940, until it was interrupted in August 1940 by an ice ax blow by an NKVD agent Ramon Mercader.
For Georgy Oppokov, his tenure as People's Commissar for several days was the pinnacle of his political career. Later, he continued his activities in secondary positions, such as chairman of the Oil Syndicate, chairman of the board of Donugol, deputy chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee, member of the bureau of the Soviet Control Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
Georgy Oppokov (Lomov). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
In June 1937, within the framework of the Great Terror, Oppokov was arrested, and by the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR he was shot on December 30, 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.
Like other supporters of the creation of a government from among members of various socialist parties, Teodorovic announced his resignation from the government, but he fulfilled his duties until December 1917.
Ivan Teodorovich. Photo: Public Domain
Later he was a member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, and since 1922 he was the Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture. In 1928-1930 he was the general secretary of the Peasant International.
Arrested on June 11, 1937. Sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 20, 1937 on charges of participating in an anti-Soviet terrorist organization to death and shot on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.
Avilov held his post until the decision to create a coalition government with the Left SRs, after which he changed the post of People's Commissar to the post of Assistant Director of the State Bank. Later he held various positions of the second rank, was the People's Commissar of Labor of Ukraine. From 1923 to 1926 Avilov was the leader of the Leningrad trade unions and became one of the leaders of the so-called "Leningrad opposition", which ten years later became a fatal circumstance for him.
Nikolay Avilov (Glebov). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Since 1928 Avilov was in charge of "Selmashstroy", and since 1929 he became the first director of the Rostov plant of agricultural machines "Rostselmash".
On September 19, 1936, Nikolai Avilov was arrested on charges of terrorist activity. On March 12, 1937, by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was sentenced to death on charges of participation in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization. The verdict was carried out on March 13, 1937. Rehabilitated in 1956.
1. To organize the Solovetsky special-purpose forced labor camp and two transfer and distribution points in Arkhangelsk and Kem.
2. Organization and management of the specified in art. I the camp and the transfer and distribution points to assign to the OGPU.
3. All land, buildings, living and dead inventory that previously belonged to the former Solovetsky monastery, as well as the Pertomin camp and the Arkhangelsk transit and distribution point, to transfer free of charge to the OGPU.
4. Simultaneously transfer to the use of the OGPU the radio station located on the Solovetsky Islands.
5. To oblige the OGPU to immediately start organizing the labor of prisoners for the use of agricultural, fishing, forestry and other industries and enterprises, exempting them from paying state and local taxes and fees.
Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Rykov
Chief Executive Officer of the Council of People's Commissars Gorbunov
Secretary Fotieva
Right:
Secretary of the Special Department at the OGPU I. Filippov
Copy from copy is correct:
Secretary of the Department of Sollagers ON OGPU Vaskov
List of names of members of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR who adopted the Resolution "On the organization of the Solovetsky forced labor camp"
Bogdanov Petr | Bryukhanov Nikolay | Dzerzhinsky Felix | Dovgalevsky Valerian | Kamenev Lev (Rosenfeld) | Krasin Leonid | Krestinsky Nikolay | Dmitry Kurskiy | Lenin Vladimir | Lunacharsky Anatoly | Orakhelashvili Mamiya | Rykov Alexey | Semashko Nikolay | Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch) | Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph | Trotsky (Bronstein) Lev | Tsyurupa Alexander | Chicherin Georgy | Chubar Vlas | Yakovenko Vasily
Not being "people's" commissars, two more comrades had a hand in the preparation of documents and decisions:
And finally, the fidelity of the document to the Resolution (or the correctness of the Resolution in the document?) Was confirmed by comrades from the "authorities":
Fillipov I. | Rodion Vaskov
"People's" commissars at the time of the creation of the ELEPHANT:
half of them will die from the bullet of the "comrades-in-arms"
"Do not be afraid of enemies - in the worst case they can kill you. Do not be afraid of friends - in the worst case they can betray you. Fear the indifferent - they do not kill or betray, but only with their tacit consent there are treachery and murder on earth." ( Yasensky Bruno)
Beloborodov Alexander Georgievich (1891 -1938) - Regicide, signed a decision on the execution royal family... Replaced Dzerzhinsky at the post of People's Commissar of VnuDel of the RSFSR (08/30/1923). Under him, the Office of the Northern Camps was located on Solovki. Shot.
Bogdanov Petr (1882-1939) - Soviet statesman, engineer. Member of the RSDLP since 1905. In 1917, before. Gomel Revolutionary Committee. Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in 1927-30. Member of the Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1937 he was arrested. Shot.
Bruchanov Nikolay (1878 - 1938) - Soviet statesman. People's Commissar of Food of the USSR (1923-1924), Deputy People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1924-1926), People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1926-1930). 02/02/1938 arrested. Shot.
Dzerzhinsky Felix (1877 - 1926) - Soviet statesman. Polish nobleman. The head of a number of people's commissariats, the founder of the Cheka, one of the organizers of the "red terror", who believed that "the Cheka must defend the revolution, even if its sword accidentally falls on the heads of innocent people."
Dovgalevsky Valerian (1885 - 1934) - Soviet statesman, diplomat. Member of the Communist Party since 1908, electrical engineer. Since 1921 the People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, in 1923 the Deputy People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. He was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Died. Buried at the Kremlin wall.
Kamenev (Rosenfeld) Lev (1883 - 1936) From an educated Russian-Jewish family, the son of a machinist. September 14, 1922 appointed deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (V. Lenin) of the RSFSR. In 1922, it was he who proposed to appoint Joseph Stalin General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1936 he was convicted. Shot.
Krasin Leonid (1870 - 1926) He is Nikitich, Horse, Johansson, Winter, Kurgan. Soviet statesman. Born into the family of a petty official. In 1923 he became the first People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR. Died in London. Buried at the Kremlin wall.
Krestinsky (?) Nikolay (1883-1938), a member of the party since 1903. Of the nobility, the son of a gymnasium teacher. Since 1918, the People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR. In May 1937 he was arrested. The only one refused to admit his guilt: "I also did not commit any of those crimes that are personally imputed to me." Sentenced and executed in 1938.
Dmitry Kurskiy (1874 - 1932), People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR, the first prosecutor of the RSFSR. Born into the family of a railway engineer. In 1918 he was a member of the commission for the organization of intelligence agencies in Soviet Russia (together with Dzerzhinsky and Stalin). Member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1921) and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1923). Committed suicide (1932).
Lenin Vladimir (1870 - 1924), Soviet political and statesman, revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik Party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October uprising of 1917, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. The main organizer of the ELEPHANT.
Lunacharsky Anatoly (1875 - 1933) - Soviet writer, politician, translator, publicist, critic, art critic. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1930), People's Commissar of Education (1917-1929). Died in France. Buried at the Kremlin wall.
Orakhelashvili Mamiya (Ivan) (1881 - 1937) - Soviet party leader. Born into a nobleman's family. Studied at the medical faculty of Kharkov University. From July 6, 1923 to May 21, 1925 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In April 1937 he was exiled to Astrakhan. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
Rykov Alexey (1875 - 1938), party member since 1898 Born in Saratov. Since 1921, deputy. Prev. SNK and STO RSFSR, in 1923-1924. - USSR and RSFSR. Signed a decree on the creation of an ELEPHANT. Expelled from the party (1937) and arrested. Shot on March 15, 1938.
Semashko Nikolay (1874 - 1949) - Soviet party and statesman. The nephew of the revolutionary G. Plekhanov. In Switzerland he met Lenin (1906). Since 1918 People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. Professor, Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944) and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1945). He died a natural death.
Sokolnikov Grigory (Diamond Hirsch) (1888 - 1939) - Soviet state. activist. Member and can. member of the Politburo (1917, 1924-1925). People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR (1922) and the USSR (1923-1926). Arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison (1937). According to the official version, he was killed by prisoners in the Verkhneuralsk political isolator (1939) .. Shot on 07/29/1937, the corpse was burned. The ashes were thrown into a pit at the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.
All these comrades are SNK commissars, members of the government - the very Leninist government that launched the state mechanism of terror with the first stop at Solovki, in the SLON. All these "comrades" are directly involved in the adoption of the Resolution. Active position or criminal connivance. Question for the Court: what did each of them do on November 2, 1923?
However, this list is very different from the official data on the composition of the first Council of People's Commissars. First, the Russian historian Yuri Yemelyanov writes in his work “Trotsky. Myths and personality ”, it includes people's commissars from various structures of the Council of People's Commissars, which have changed many times. Secondly, according to Emelyanov, Dikiy mentions a number of People's Commissariats that never existed at all! For example, on cults, on elections, on refugees, on hygiene ... But the really existing people's commissariats of means of communication, mail and telegraphs are absent from the Dikiy list at all!
Further: Dikiy claims that the first Council of People's Commissars included 20 people, although it is known that there were only 15 of them.
A number of positions are inaccurate. So, the chairman of the Petrograd Soviet G.E. Zinoviev never actually held the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Proshyan, whom Dikiy for some reason calls "Protian", was the People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs, not agriculture.
Several of the mentioned "members of the Council of People's Commissars" have never entered the government. I.A. Spitsberg was the investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice. Who is meant by Lilina-Knigissen is generally not clear: whether the actress M.P. Lilina, or Z.I. Lilina (Bernstein), who worked as the head of the department of public education at the executive committee of the Petrosovet. Cadet A.A. Kaufman participated as an expert in the development of the land reform, but he also had nothing to do with the Council of People's Commissars. The surname of the People's Commissar of Justice was not Steinberg at all, but Steinberg ...
All rulers of Russia Vostryshev Mikhail Ivanovich
CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN (1870-1924)
CHAIRMAN
COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSORS
VLADIMIR Ilyich Lenin
Volodya Ulyanov was born on April 10/22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools.
Volodya's paternal grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanov, the son of a serf (there is no information about his nationality, presumably Russian or Chuvash), married late to the daughter of a baptized Kalmyk, Anna Alekseevna Smirnova. Son Ilya was born when his mother was 43 years old, and his father was over 60 years old. Soon Nikolai Vasilyevich died, Ilya was raised and taught by his elder brother Vasily, a clerk of the Astrakhan firm "Brothers Sapozhnikov".
Lenin's maternal grandfather Alexander Dmitrievich - Srul (Israel) Moyshevich - Blank - a baptized Jew, a doctor, whose fortune significantly increased after his marriage to a German woman Anna Grigorievna Grosskopf (the Grosskopf family also had Swedish roots). Lenin's early orphaned mother, Maria Alexandrovna, like her four sisters, was raised by her maternal aunt, who taught her nieces music and foreign languages.
In the Ulyanov family, through the efforts of Maria Alexandrovna, a special reverence for German order and accuracy was maintained. Children owned foreign languages (Lenin was fluent in German, read and spoke French, knew English worse).
Volodya was a lively, lively and cheerful boy, he loved noisy games. He was not so much playing with toys as breaking them. For about five years he learned to read, then he was prepared by the parish teacher of Simbirsk for the gymnasium, where he entered the first grade in 1879.
“When he was still a child, he was taken to one of the best Russian ophthalmologists, who was then thundering all over the Volga region, - Kazan professor Adamyuk (senior),” recalled doctor M.I. Averbach. - Obviously, not having the opportunity to accurately examine the boy and objectively seeing some changes at the bottom of his left eye, mainly of a congenital nature (congenital fissure of the optic nerve and posterior cone), Professor Adamyuk mistook this eye for having poor vision from birth (the so-called congenital amblyopia). Indeed, this eye saw very poorly into the distance. The child's mother was told that the left eye was worthless from birth and that such grief could not be helped. Thus, Vladimir Ilyich lived his whole life with the thought that he sees nothing with his left eye and exists only with his right eye. "
Volodya Ulyanov was the first student at the gymnasium, which he entered in 1879. The director of the gymnasium F.M. Kerensky, father of the head of the Provisional Government of 1917, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky, highly appreciated the abilities of Vladimir Ulyanov. The gymnasium gave Lenin a solid foundation of knowledge. The exact sciences were not of interest to him, but history, and later philosophy, Marxism, political economy, statistics, became the disciplines in which he read mountains of books and wrote dozens of volumes of essays.
His older brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed in 1887 for participating in the assassination attempt on the Tsar Alexander III... In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University; in December he was expelled from the university and expelled from the city for his participation in the student movement. He was exiled to the estate of his mother Kokushkino, where he read a lot, especially political literature.
In 1891 he passed external exams for the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, after which he served as an assistant attorney at law in Samara. But as a lawyer, Vladimir Ilyich did not prove himself and already in 1893, leaving jurisprudence, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist student circle of the Technological Institute.
In 1894, one of Lenin's first works appeared - "What are the" friends of the people "and how they fight against the social democrats", which argued that the path to socialism lies through the workers' movement led by the proletariat. In April - May 1895, Lenin held his first meetings abroad with members of the Emancipation of Labor group, including G.V. Plekhanov.
In 1895, Vladimir Ilyich took part in the creation of the St. Petersburg Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, then he was arrested. In 1897 he was deported for three years to the village of Shushenskoye in the Yenisei province.
The terms of exile in Shushenskoye were quite acceptable. The favorable climate, hunting, fishing, simple food - all this strengthened Lenin's health. In July 1898, he married N.K. Krupskaya, also exiled to Siberia. She was the daughter of an officer, a student of the Bestuzhev courses, who at one time corresponded with L.N. Tolstoy. Krupskaya became Lenin's assistant and like-minded person for life.
In 1900, Lenin went abroad, where he stayed until 1917, with a break in 1905-1907. Together with Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov and others, he began publishing the newspaper Iskra. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903, Lenin led the Bolshevik Party. From 1905 in St. Petersburg, from December 1907 - again in exile.
At the end of August 1914, Lenin moved from Austria-Hungary to neutral Switzerland, where he put forward the slogan of the defeat of the Russian government and the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war. Lenin's position led him to isolation even in the social democratic environment. The leader of the Bolsheviks, apparently, did not consider the possible occupation of Russia by Germany as evil in this case.
In April 1917, having arrived in Petrograd, Lenin put forward a course for the victory of the socialist revolution. After the July 1917 crisis, he was in an illegal position. He headed the leadership of the October uprising in Petrograd.
At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Vladimir Ilyich was elected chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense (since 1919 - STO). Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the USSR. From March 1918 he lived in Moscow. He played a decisive role in the conclusion of the Brest Peace. On August 30, 1918, during an attempt on his life, he was seriously wounded.
In 1918, Lenin approved the creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, which widely and uncontrollably used methods of violence and repression. He also introduced war communism in the country - on November 21, 1918, he signed a decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On organizing the supply of the population with all products and items of personal consumption and household." Trade was prohibited, commodity-money relations were replaced by natural exchange, and food appropriation was introduced. The cities began to die out. Nevertheless, Lenin's next step was the nationalization of industry. As a result of this grand experiment industrial production in Russia actually stopped.
In 1921, an unprecedented famine broke out in the Volga region. It was decided to partially resolve this problem through robbery. orthodox churches, which, of course, the parishioners resisted. Lenin took advantage of this to deliver a decisive blow to the Russian Orthodox Church... On March 19, he wrote a secret letter to the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) about the use of resistance on the part of believers to the violent confiscation of church valuables as a pretext for mass executions of clergy, which was done.
The economic situation in the country was rapidly deteriorating. At the 10th Party Congress in March 1921, Lenin put forward a program of the "New Economic Policy." He understood that the introduction of NEP would revive the "right" elements in the party, and at the same X Congress he eliminated the residual elements of democracy in the RCP (b), banning the creation of factions.
NEP in the field of economics immediately gave positive results, the process of rapid restoration of the national economy began.
In 1922, Lenin fell seriously ill (brain syphilis) and since December of this year did not participate in political activities.
Portrait of V.I. Lenin. Artist Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. 1934
On January 27, from 10 am, troops and delegations of workers and peasants marched through Red Square in Moscow past the coffin with Lenin's body installed on a special pedestal. One of the banners read: "Lenin's Tomb is the cradle of freedom for all mankind." At 4 pm the troops took up arms "on guard", Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Molotov, Bukharin, Rudzutak, Tomsk and Dzerzhinsky raised the coffin and carried it to the mausoleum ...
Muscovite Nikita Okunev writes in his diary: “By the time of sinking into the grave, an order was given to the whole of Russia at 4 o'clock in the afternoon to stop all movement (railway, horse, steamship), and in factories and factories to blow whistles or beeps for five minutes (at the motion was also terminated for the same period). After, in a series of different anecdotes composed about these unprecedented funerals, it was like this: when Lenin lived, he was applauded, and when he died, all of Russia whistled without interruption for 5 minutes ... In the future, monuments to Lenin will probably be erected not only in cities, but also in every village ”.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Smolny. Artist Isaac Brodsky. 1930
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