Time is running forward, houses began to be built using new technologies from modern building materials, and the problem of clogged pipes and drains in apartments is still relevant. Often, difficulty in draining the toilet can be observed due to the deposition of salts in the pipes. Hard water sediment, urea and other kinds of plaque settle on the pipe walls and narrow their inner diameter. What to do in this case and how to clear the blockage in the toilet?
Checking all systems
It is very important to understand whether there is only a blockage in the toilet or the water does not go well in other rooms where there is running water.
If the drain is slowed down everywhere, then most likely we are talking about a problem in the common pipe. Then your neighbors should face the same troubles. Discuss this issue with them and decide together what to do next.
Your management company should do the troubleshooting. If the liquid does not leave at all or only flows in a thin stream in the toilet, then this means that the toilet is clogged. The problem can be solved mechanically, using chemicals or a plunger.
Mechanical method
It often happens that a blockage in the sewage system is provoked by the residents themselves, who use the plumbing equipment as a garbage chute, pouring out the remnants of liquid dishes there, sending spoiled products and hygiene products. Even an ordinary newspaper sheet can cause stagnant water in pipes.
I must say right away that an attempt to break it big amount simple water can turn into a flood for you in the toilet.
On the contrary, you should scoop up all the water from the toilet and, armed with high rubber gloves, try to stick your hand as deep as possible and pull out into the light what caused the blockage.
If this event did not lead to anything, go to a specialized store and buy a special plumbing cable.
We assure you that it is not so expensive and will fully justify this waste, as it will come in handy more than once. Such a device can be rope, spring, rigging, tension, etc. It has a metal braid and a handle at the end, which allows it to be conveniently gripped and rotated and moved. At the opposite end, the cable can have a spiral - for extraction or a weight - for punching.
Stages of work with a cable:
- what should be done at home if the toilet is clogged? Lower the end with a spiral or a weight into the drain, and begin to rotate the handle of the tool in any direction, while pushing it forward;
- it is necessary to rotate the cable so that it can overcome the bend of the pipe and move further - to the place of possible accumulation of sewage;
- pushing the device as deep as possible, try to perform various movements with it: move it back and forth, move it from side to side, etc.;
- after that, it remains only to hope that the cable caught the object that caused all the troubles. Pulling it out, you can be convinced of this or disappointed.
Work with a plunger or its analog
Pulling out the cable to the surface, you must be prepared for the fact that dirty slurry will drip from it onto the floor surface, so you must remove the soft mat from it in advance. Prepare a trash can to dispose of a rag, hygiene product, or anything else stuck in the pipe. Instead of a cable, you can use a flexible wire with a hooked end. And if there is neither one nor the other, the good old plunger will save.
The main thing is that the diameter of its rubber tip should be larger than the diameter of the drain hole: this will create the necessary conditions for the occurrence of a water hammer.
How else to remove the blockage in the toilet yourself? If this device is not found in your house, take a 1-1.5-liter plastic bottle, cut off the bottom of it, and screw the cap tightly. The capacity will act as a plunger.
That is, with the cut end, it must be inserted into the drain hole and gradually introduced inside until the air in the cavity begins to push it back.
With a sharp movement, push the bottle all the way into the drain and immediately pull it out. In some cases, the generated pressure is enough to break through the blockage after two or three such operations.
Chemicals
Another life hack that will tell you what to do if the toilet is clogged. Baking soda and vinegar can help clear up the blockage. The toilet needs to be freed of excess water and half a packet of soda should be poured into the drain. Now pour in one glass of vinegar. An alkaline reaction will occur, which will eat away at the salt plug and fight off fat deposits. After 15–20 minutes, it is recommended to pour 3 liters of boiling water into the plumbing equipment. But here it is necessary to take into account what material the toilet bowl is made of, that is, is it not “afraid” of boiling water.
The thin plastic from which the connecting corrugation is made can also resist such sophisticated manipulations and burst. Remember this. It is better not to risk it and pour not boiling water into the toilet, but just very hot water.
If you are afraid of such experiments, just buy special household chemicals in the store for cleaning toilet blockages. They are always based on some kind of acid that eats away the components of the layers - textile fibers, hair, fat deposits, etc.
The most famous means include "Tiret", "Mister Muscle", "Mole", "Tofix", "Domestos", etc.
Using them to break through a blockage at home is as easy as shelling pears: just follow the instructions printed on the container. If blockages are common in your home, remedies household chemicals must be used regularly in order to prevent the almost complete narrowing of the pipe lumen by salt deposits and to extend the life of the laid communications.
Now you know how to break through a blockage in the toilet and what to do if an object accidentally falls into it.
A small problem can be fixed on your own, but with a serious one you cannot do without the help of professionals. Good luck!
Today, every house has all the conditions for a comfortable existence. But if the toilet is suddenly clogged, not many people know how to clean it at home. Cleaning is the prerogative of plumbers, and this shouldn't be a problem now. Although there are times when the situation gets out of control, and there is no time for qualifying assistance.
So how do you clean the toilet at home once and for all? On this moment there are several ways, depending on the situation. The blockage will not be difficult if you know how to clean the toilet yourself in some cases. But first, it is worth considering the causes of blockages, which are the basis for solving further problems, and what to do if the toilet is clogged.
What causes blockages
It is not difficult to imagine that the toilet is often used not only for its intended purpose, but also for getting rid of food. Of course, these are the causes of blockages provoked by the owners. However, there are reasons beyond the control of humans. These reasons include:
- sediment of salts from urea;
- sediment from too hard water;
- too narrow pipe opening.
In this case, how to clear the blockage in the toilet will be described below.
Solution to the problem chemically
Firstly, it is worth recalling that once every 3 months, a preventive cleaning of the toilet bowl with chemicals that are available in any store should be carried out. But if it just so happens that a blockage has formed, you need to act quickly. When the toilet is clogged, what to do can be described briefly.
The first and the most in a simple way is the use of baking soda and vinegar. To begin with, excess water is scooped out of the toilet. A small amount of water is left, and then the soda is poured out (half a pack) and pushed deeper.
To remove the clogging of the toilet, a glass of vinegar is added and only after the reaction has passed (15-20 minutes), a kettle of boiling water is poured. But there is a nuance - if the connecting corrugation is made of plastic, you just need to use hot water.
Another, more expensive method, is a toilet blockage remedy, which contains alkali, and this allows you to destroy all the components of the blockage: salt, hair, dirt, simple waste.
But do not forget that such funds are effective at the initial stage of blockage formation.
And when using the product, you must strictly follow the instructions on the package.
This method is the simplest and fastest. But, unfortunately, it is not always effective. If, for some reason, this method of getting rid of a toilet blockage does not help, there are several other ways.
Getting rid of the blockage with your own hands
What to do if the toilet is clogged and the reason for the clogging is approximately clear? In this case, it is very easy to solve the problem of how to remove the blockage in the toilet and get rid of the problem.
To begin with, you need to understand what kind of object got into the plumbing. Further, it is worth stocking up on a respirator or any kind of bandage on the nose and gloves, since the smell may not be the most pleasant.
The next step is to scoop out all the water and check the drain for the presence of an object. It doesn't have to be far away. Once the item is found, it is worth carefully getting it out, if it does not come out, you can use a wire with a hook at the end.
It is a good idea to lay down old rags and keep dishwashing detergent handy to get rid of dirt and odors.
If this method does not help, you can use special tools for deep cleaning of the toilet bowl. It is best to use a special drainage cable. Its curved shape allows for the most efficient deep cleaning of the pipe and eliminates odors during the process.
The cable must be rotated clockwise, and when the blockage is removed, you must additionally use a plunger, and to fix the result, flush the system with a bucket of hot water or boiling water, depending on the type drain pipe... Thus, in a couple of unpleasant minutes, the reason why the toilet is clogged can be solved. And finally, you need to consider the last method.
Mechanical clogging solution
How to pierce the toilet when nothing else helps? You can use all the well-known device - a plunger. This method is suitable when the cause of the blockage is not clear, and the problem continues to interfere with a quiet life.
The most important is the diameter of the rubber suction cup. It must be larger than the diameter of the drain hole. Next, you need to check if the blockage is local, or the entire drainage system is clogged. To do this, you need to see how the water goes into the drain in the bathroom and in the kitchen.
If the problem is only in the toilet, then all the holes in the bathroom, in the kitchen are closed, and work begins on solving the blockage problem. If the blockage affects not only the toilet, then alternately it is necessary to close the drain holes and work on each drain individually.
In such a simple way, you can solve the situation when the toilet is clogged. Still, do not forget that blockages are sometimes dangerous for the entire riser and you should contact a plumber and get help to resolve this issue once and for all.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the question “the toilet is clogged, what to do” is a frequent one, probably everyone has come across this in his life. The main thing is to solve this situation correctly and quickly. You can figure out the problem yourself, and 3 ways to solve a delicate problem were provided: using special means or a solution made on your own, using a plunger and simply taking out the object that caused the blockage.
In this case, do not forget about safety measures and be careful. However, do not forget that in some cases only professional help will be able to solve the problem, and then peace and order will come to the house.
Such an unpleasant phenomenon as a clogged toilet bowl is encountered quite often. Sometimes it can be very difficult to get out of this situation without unnecessary effort. If you understand the device sewerage system and know effective measures to clear the blockage, it is quite possible to keep your wallet intact and instantly get the plumbing unit up and running.
Knowing the exact cause of the toilet problem, you can quickly make an attempt to fix it. Most often, blockages are formed for the following reasons:
- throwing down the toilet food waste;
- flushing various objects into the sewer pipe, insoluble in water (throwing it into the plumbing fixture toilet paper or paper towels, you can aggravate the situation, since pipifax tends to swell in water and noticeably increase in volume);
- cat litterthrown into the drain hole becomes the culprit for the resulting blockage (only pressed sawdust used as a cat hygiene product will not clog the toilet);
- improper installation of the toilet;
- accumulation of salt deposits on the inner surface of the sewer pipe.
How to break a blockage in the toilet: determining the degree of blockage
Before starting the procedure for cleaning the plumbing fixture, it is necessary to clarify how difficult the accident happened. To do this, they begin to clarify two main characteristics: determine sewer clogging level and fault localization.
In the case of a serious blockage, the water, as a rule, passes through with a weak stream, or an absolute overlap of the drain is observed at all. In order to diagnose a blockage, a liter of water is poured into the toilet. An hour later, they check whether the liquid has left or remains in place.
Determining the location of the blockage is also extremely important. It is required to open the tap with water in the bathroom and in the kitchen. If everything is in order at these points with the drain, then the poor functioning of the toilet is due to stopper in the pipe at the very exit. When problems are found with the drains of absolutely all sections of the water supply system, then, most likely, it's time to check the common house pipes. Such renovation work should be carried out only by employees of a specialized service.
How to unclog a toilet bowl: mechanical methods
How to pierce the toilet at home: use a plastic bottle
Resourceful residents have long realized that an ordinary soda bottle can be used as a plumbing tool. This rather simple and at the same time effective device will help to remove the blockage if there is no plunger in the house. To do this, the bottom of the bottle is cut off, and the home plunger is ready for use. When clearing the blockage with a bottle, it is important to make sharp movements:
- in the same way, if a plunger were used, fill the drain hole of the plumbing unit with water;
- holding the bottle by the neck, lower it into the drain hole, while pressing hard on the neck;
- jerk the bottle out sharply.
Despite its simplicity and primitiveness, this method of cleaning the toilet has earned praise from most plumbers. Therefore, this tool is recommended to take note of everyone who does not know how urgently break through the blockage in the toilet.
How to unclog a toilet bowl: cleaning with a sandbag
- They take a strong cloth bag, fill it with a loose substance, tie it tightly and tie a strong cord or rope to it.
- Lower the bag into the toilet and press the flush button. It is necessary to loosen the grip on the rope so that the bag with the flow of water passes as far as possible along the funnel.
- As soon as the cistern is filled with water again, you can repeat the manipulations.
How to remove a blockage with a toilet plunger
Use a plunger only to clear small blockages when sewage passability still preserved, that is, the drained water, although with difficulty, leaves. Almost every housewife has this device, but for its effective use it is necessary that the size of the drain hole is no larger than the diameter of the rubber part of the plunger. Using this tool, you can remove blockages not only in the toilet, but also in the kitchen sink.
The mechanism of action of the device is quite simple. The operation of a rubber suction cup creates conditions in the drain channel with excess air pressure... This allows the blockage to move deeper into the sewer. As a rule, as you move away from the sanitary facility, the sewer pipes become wider, therefore, over time, the cork should dissolve, thereby restoring the throughput of the toilet.
The maximum effect of working with a plunger is achieved provided that the drain holes in other devices that are connected to the common sewage system are closed with sealed plugs.
Step-by-step instruction:
- place the rubber part of the plunger over the area of \u200b\u200bthe toilet bowl drain and carefully press it against the ceramic surface, creating the maximum possible tightness;
- make progressive movements up and down, and then abruptly tear off the suction part from the toilet bowl;
- if waste floated out, they are removed, and then they continue to clean until the toilet is fully operational.
How to unclog a toilet bowl: using a plumbing cable
You can remove the blockage in the toilet using a special flexible cable. It is manufactured as a rigid hollow shaft fitted with a revolving handle. Without it professional tool it is difficult to imagine a specialist in modern plumbing services. At the end, the cable is equipped with a pointed nozzle or a spiral structure made of round wire.
Step-by-step instructions for using the cable:
- the spiral process is lowered into the drain hole of the toilet bowl. They begin to rotate its handle. Such actions begin to push the device along the water seal;
- if the cable rested against the opposite part of the dish bowl (with partial lowering of the cable), before removing the blockage, you need to continue rotational-translational movements until the device begins to slip along the inner area of \u200b\u200bthis part of the toilet bowl;
- a vertically located wall of the riser can block the path of the cable; for such cases, a cable with a length of at least two meters is needed;
- in a toilet with a direct outlet, they try to push the cable along a horizontal sewer pipe to the inner wall of the water supply riser. Difficulties in moving the cable arise if it runs into a plug with its tip. To break through such a blockage to the riser, sharp back and forth movements are required.
Toilet blockage chemicals
If the previously discussed methods of dealing with blockage have not been successful, you can use special chemicals.
Opportunities for the tech industry in last years have expanded so much that there is no longer enough space on the shelves for the entire assortment of various household chemicals. Everyone can choose at their discretion a means, the use of which will help to say goodbye to various sewer blockages, including in the toilet. Cleaning agents come in a variety of forms. It can be liquid, powder, or gel.
Studying the labels, you can see that almost every product has in its composition alkali or acid... It is the action of these components that guarantees the buyer an excellent result. Alkalis and acids almost instantly decompose all kinds of objects of both synthetic and organic origin. They are able to dissolve tufts of hair and fat deposits on the inner walls of the pipes.
How to clean a toilet bowl from a blockage using chemicals? The first step is to carefully study instruction leaflet... It describes in detail the rules of use and precautions when using the drug to eliminate blockages in a plumbing fixture.
Most of these household products are poured in a certain amount into the drain hole. The chemical formula will begin to dissolve the blockage in about an hour. After that, you can begin to drain the water to make sure the final result. When the stagnation is too strong, and it is not possible to defeat it the first time, then after a while the agent is re-infused.
Using chemicals, you need to protect exposed skin. The whole procedure should be carried out with rubber gloves, and if the vapors of the drug are toxic, then you cannot do without a respiratory mask. Do not use aggressive chemicals if the sewage system is made of metal pipes... If all pipes in the house are made of cast iron or plastic, then such a precaution is not required.
The most popular products on the domestic market:
- Mole... Toilet blockage remedy included in the budget segment. Despite the low cost, it perfectly breaks through any blockages in the toilet. It contains sodium hydroxide, the effect of which is enhanced by surfactants and other additives. Available in powder and gel form. Copes well with dissolving fatty deposits and biological waste. It can even decompose fish scales, while not spoiling the walls of plastic, cast-iron and steel pipes;
- Flop... The agent is produced in the form of granules, sealed in a sealed bag. It can be used with either cold or hot water. Effectively copes with blockages and at the same time disinfects the sewage system, eliminates unpleasant odors;
- Bugi Pothan... An expensive liquid blockage remover. Begins to act after a few minutes;
- Biocomposition Ventuz... One of the few chemicals, the action of which is not based on an acid-base reaction, but on the activity of biobacteria that destroy organic blockages.
The toilet is clogged: how to clean it using folk methods
Handy tools that will allow you to independently remove the blockage in the toilet:
Many people would rather not even think about how to unclog a toilet bowl, but the reality of life is often different from what you think about it. The situation when an essential item becomes clogged and cannot perform its basic functions, at least once happens in every home, even where expensive exclusive plumbing is installed. Do not panic, there are many proven ways to deal with clogging.
Easiest to use for sewer cleaning ready-made product from a clogged toilet bowl and pipes. These can be liquids, granules or powders, which are corrosive chemicals that dissolve contaminants. The agent is poured or poured into the hole and left for several hours, during which concentrated alkalis must dissolve the organic plugs. Then the toilet is flushed with plenty of hot water, pouring it from a bucket to get sufficient pressure.
Chemicals dissolve organic blockages and restore sewerage
Instead of the advertised product, it makes sense to try pouring baking soda into the toilet and then pouring vinegar into it. If the blockage in the toilet is insignificant, then the resulting reaction can dissolve the impurities and restore the system to work. If, even after dry cleaning, water does not drain well in the toilet, the reason may not be organic clogging, but a foreign object, for example, a cleaning cloth or a diaper. In this case, you will have to act with proven physical methods.
Chemicals dissolve only minor organic contaminants; if foreign objects get into the drain, they are powerless.
How to remove a blockage in the toilet with a plunger
Not everyone knows how to eliminate a blockage in the toilet with a plunger - this work does not require special skills, but it has its own characteristics. The plunger cleans the drain using a vacuum, for which it is necessary to install the device on the drain hole so that the water covers only the rubber part of the tool. If there is more water in the toilet bowl, the excess will have to be scooped up with a ladle.
The plunger pushes the blockage out with a vacuum
In this position, you need to make at least 10 intense movements up and down, without removing the rubber seal from the drain. After that, the plunger is pulled out with a sharp jerk and the operation is repeated until the water in the drain begins to subside. After successful cleaning, it is advisable to pour a chemical agent into the hole, and then rinse with hot water.
Mechanism for clearing blockages with a plunger.
Instead of a plunger, you can use a stick with a rag wound at one end. Or the rag can be wound around your hand, although this is not very pleasant, but quite practical.
How to clean a toilet with a bottle
If the toilet is clogged, and the household does not have a plunger, you can use the advice of craftsmen who remove blockages using an ordinary plastic bottle. For this method, a container with a volume of 1.5-2 liters is suitable, the bottom of which should be cut off, and the neck should be tightened with a lid. Next, the bottle is inserted into the hole with its bottom part and moves up and down with effort several times. As a result, the obstacle is removed, and the final process of rinsing with hot water completely restores the performance of important plumbing.
We just cut off the bottom of the bottle and use it instead of a plunger.
Cleaning the system with a plumbing cable
If all the above methods do not help, then nothing remains, except how to clean the toilet bowl with a plumbing cable. This professional tool is a metal rope with a sharp tip or spiral-shaped drill at one end and a rotating handle at the other.
It looks like a plumbing cable for cleaning the sewer
The cable is inserted into the drain hole by rotating clockwise movements. If an obstacle immediately arises on the way, then you should not stop - most likely, the tool rested on the toilet bowl. It is not difficult to determine if the drill gets stuck in a blockage - when this happens, movements will be difficult both clockwise and counterclockwise. In this case, you need to act with short movements left-right and up-down, trying to destroy and push the obstacle into the sewer pipe.
Working with the cable requires care - awkward movements can damage the sewer.
After the water begins to leave the toilet bowl, the cable is pulled out, gently rotating in the opposite direction. After that, it is recommended to pour a solvent into the drain hole and finally say goodbye to the rest of the blockage. And when the water starts to leave at the former speed, you can complete the procedure by flushing with plenty of hot water, especially since watching the liquid disappear at lightning speed into the drain is a well-deserved pleasure after the work done!
After removing the blockage, flush the system with plenty of hot water.
If you don't have a plumbing cable handy, you can quickly make one from a 2 liter plastic bottle.
Making a rope from a bottle is easier than lightweight. Just trace the plastic in a spiral and scissors gently.
The technique of working with a cable requires certain skills and caution, inept movements can only aggravate the situation and give rise to new problems. If the sewage system in the house is in poor condition due to years operation, then the risk is not at all worth it. It will be much cheaper to call a specialist who will quickly and professionally remove the blockage in the toilet.
Video: clogging cleaners
Sometimes plumbing equipment gets clogged. What contributes to the formation of blockages? main reason their appearance is an excessive amount of salts that are contained in hard water and urea, as well as sediments of a different type that enter the sewer main. Both methods contribute to the narrowing of the inner hole. But it often happens that the cause of the blockage is the careless attitude of the owners of the premises.
Often, a blockage occurs with toilets, because housewives do not hesitate to send leftovers of uneaten food in them, as well as fermented pickles (for example, such as red tomatoes). And sometimes it also happens that after wet cleaning, the floorcloth also "leaves" with the dirt. After that, the work is completely blocked.
Now the owners have a choice:
- Should I call a specialist?
- Do I need to look for other ways to solve the problem?
If the first option is unrealistic, then you have to do the work on your own.
In the event that the water in the toilet no longer flows, it is worth using the three most common cleaning methods. They can be classified into three main groups:
- Plumbing;
- Domestic;
- Chemical.
The choice of the drain method or their combination will directly depend on the type of blockage. To do this, you need to remember how the toilet bowl could get clogged and what has recently entered the cavity.
How and how to quickly break through the blockage?
To quickly get rid of the blockage, you need to determine its type. So, if the blockage is organic, i.e. organic waste became the reason for its formation, then the choice should be made on various kinds of chemical methods. Today, in retail outlets, you can purchase products of any volume intended for cleaning sewer pipes and toilets.
In most cases, they are based on acid and alkali. It is these chemicals and compounds that lead to the partial or complete destruction of organic matter. Before making a direct purchase, you should use the help of an experienced sales assistant.
How to fix it?
In the event that a blockage was detected, and it was not possible to call the plumbing, you should try to fix it yourself.
At home
For example, to get rid of a blockage in a sewer pipe, use the following folk remedies:
- Whiteness. This is an alkali solution. In large quantities, the substance will easily cope with organic blockages. Moreover, it will not yield to any branded product in terms of impact. You need to bide your time.
- Citric acid. A highly corrosive substance. But you need to use it only when excess moisture is removed from the toilet. The concentration of the substance must be high. It is best to use 7-10 sachets at a time.
- Baking soda. If there is nothing more suitable in the house, then you can use ordinary soda. She is poured into the toilet as much as possible. It is prohibited to use it for some time.
With a special tool
You can use a variety of proprietary drugs to unclog a toilet bowl. This applies to drugs such as "Mole" or "Domestos". They have various features and technical capabilities. For a couple of flushes, it will be possible to completely get rid of the organic blockage of a soft type.
If the problem is complex and firm in nature, then you need to use special plumbing cords.
You can also use a plunger, but the effect is not as strong as the combined use of cord and chemical. However, the plunger is used not only to clean the toilet, but also to "break through" sinks and even blockages in the bathroom. The plunger cleaning method is based on water hammer. The more pressure is applied to the blockage, the higher the likelihood of getting rid of it.
Bottle
Another cleaning option is to use a regular plastic bottle. In this case, it will be necessary to cut off the upper part from it and use it like a conventional plunger. Moreover, it should be noted that the deeper the “device” enters, the stronger the water hammer will be.
To see clearly how exactly you need to use a plastic bottle when cleaning the toilet, you should use the video below:
Who reimburses for blockage damage?
If a blockage occurs in the toilet, the tenant is obliged to compensate for the damage, due to which this very blockage was formed. We are talking about those situations where human actions led to an accident.
If the congestion is formed directly in the centralized public system, then the problem and its consequences are solved by the housing management company.
How to prevent?
Many people ask the question: how to prevent a blockage in sewer pipes and the toilet in principle?
You should also be careful about cleaning the plumbing.
No matter how trite it may seem, you should regularly use chemical additives that are placed in the drain barrel, and also do not refuse to use a brush. In addition, you should carefully monitor that bulky debris does not fall into the toilet.
How much does it cost to clear a toilet blockage?
In the event that it is still possible to call a plumber at home, then it should be understood that these services are not provided free of charge. Moreover, the cost plumbing works will depend on the degree and complexity of the blockage. For example, the average price for given view works will vary from 1,500 rubles to 4,000 rubles.
Video
Watch the video for the original way to clean the blockage in the toilet:
Attention! It is necessary to adhere to certain rules: you should not flush solid waste (for example, such as stone) into the sewer.
But you can pour solid consistencies into it, such as cat litter. True, they do it in small portions. Moreover, it will be necessary to lower the barrel after each portioned descent.
Oct 14, 2015 Tatiana Sumo
