In the process of building a house, one of the most important points is the construction of the foundation - after all, if the foundation of the house is laid with violations, then the further operation of such a building is simply impossible. There is no guarantee that at any moment the walls will simply not crack and there will be no real danger to the life of the residents.
Basic types of foundations
A 40-ton house superimposed on a piece of unstable soil will eventually collapse or collapse, which can be fatal to it unless a foundation has been established. To avoid such a disaster, two precautions are taken. Land analysis by a competent person, implementation of adapted frameworks. ... For land analysis, a geologist can be held liable for a ten-year warranty. The latter, based on his knowledge of the geotechnical and geomorphological characteristics of the foundations, will know when investigating whether the terrain requires special preparation.
Before proceeding with the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to thoroughly study different kinds foundations and choose from them the most suitable for a particular case. There were times when, due to the wrong type of foundation, the house gave a crack, despite the fact that it was erected correctly.
The main points on the basis of which the classification of foundations used in the construction of houses was proposed are:
Another possibility is to contact a specialized company that will test the plate, for example, to see the ground resistance; otherwise, the farmer may be helpful advice if he has worked for many years in the area where you purchased your land.
If you go through a builder, he will give you the price for a turnkey home; But if in the workplace the unexpected makes it difficult to build foundations, wait to continue! It is the connection between solid ground and load-bearing walls that anchor the house to stable ground, hence their importance, but stable ground is not at the same depth everywhere, depending on the terrain, but sometimes you have to choose terrain at a depth of 2 or 5 or even 10 meters, which, of course, does not mean the same cost!
Ground support option;
Construction form;
Preparation method
Let's now take a closer look at each of them, as well as the question of in which case which types of foundations are more rational to use.
Tape
Strip foundation model
What is strip foundation and why in private construction it is used more often than other types of foundation
This type of foundation is created under each load-bearing wall, which necessitates a large number of earthworks and requires more material consumption. However, it has significant advantages:
There are 4 types of home funds
Surface bases are also called shoes
Shallow foundations on the periphery or base of the shoe. Deep foundations. ... Shallow foundation foundations fit for good quality loads; distributed under the load-bearing walls, they support the weight of the house and therefore its stability. They are creped 50 cm to 1 m deep so that they do not freeze and are buried. The specimen is called excavation.Surface basics on full surface or raft
They are also surface foundations, but they are adapted to substrates whose qualities are insufficient to ensure that only retaining walls remain on this foundation. Therefore, it is necessary that almost the entire slab is supported. Thus, a solid armed slab is created. After removing the soil from the topsoil and spreading a good thickness of stones or filling, a membrane will be installed to prevent moisture build-up and soil isolation.
The simplicity of the construction itself - this foundation can be built from concrete or reinforced concrete;
The same width along the entire perimeter - after all, the foundation was laid strictly under the load-bearing walls.
Installation of a strip-type foundation of a house is used if it is planned to build a house with brick, stone, concrete or block walls, which are of significant weight. In addition, if a warm basement is planned in the building, underground garage or even a basement floor, then nothing better than a strip foundation will not work.
If you put it under it, after planning the land, a layer of sandy cleanliness will be laid, then insulation, poliane film and a foundation slab. If the installation is done above the base, we will have it starting from the bottom. Foundation slab, styrodur, polyethylene sheet and load distribution layer.
As the name suggests, these foundations are 2 to 5 meters deep to be found in the lower layers of soil of sufficient quality to ensure the stability of the building. Beyond 6 or 7 meters, one can speak of deep foundations; the processes are somewhat technical, but the idea can be twofold: for example, to walk and get solid ground at 10 or 12 meters, in which case we no longer use soles, but piles; or if the solid ground is too deep, the load is distributed over the piles, which, by their diameter and length, will be the stable base of the house.
It is customary to distinguish two types of this foundation:
Monolithic;
Ideal for houses with brick, stone, concrete or block walls that are heavy.
Monolithic and precast foundation overview
In the photo, a diagram of a monolithic foundation
The basics: some technical elements
For semi-deep and deep foundations, you need research and good professionals to help you! On a slope, on rocks or on alluvium, a house can be quite expensive. If the plot does not correspond to the proposal of the house, the pitching will increase even several times at the average price. However, if the author does good work by finding a specific location and adjusting to the ground, it can fit into an acceptable amount.
The quality of housing doesn't just make the house itself. You may have a genius villa from a superhitect, but if you are standing in an abyss or a wall, you will not feel very good in it. However, a package of water or a beautiful view with a great view will greatly increase the use of the residential and non-smoking home.
Features of a monolithic and prefabricated foundation for the construction of a private house. A distinctive characteristic of a monolithic foundation is the ability to withstand significant loads, due to which exactly monolithic foundation used as a base for reinforced concrete fences. However, its construction will require a lot of resources - both material and human. The use of special types of equipment is also one of the prerequisites in this case.
General information about the pile foundation
However, the difficult terrain means the extra cost. “If building on a slope requires a plank foundation, the price can be double that of a house,” says architect Rosa. The price increases the cost of concrete and waterproofing. The most expensive is the combination of slope and unstable soil.
What determines the size and price of the foundation
An architect can do a lot. When you take a catalog house and don't change the project, you meet it on the slope, according to the architect Vladimir Baldi, the assignment can become several times larger than usual. “But if the house is thought out, even many non-standard plots can raise money for money,” says architect Balda.
Withstands significant loads
A prefabricated structure will be somewhat simpler in terms of construction, however, this type of foundation is not suitable for heaving soils subject to deep freezing. In addition, it will not work on such a basis to build a house of complex shape - it will be necessary to cut off the standard blocks used for its construction, which in itself is very problematic. But for buildings of a simple form (capital garages, for example), a prefabricated foundation is what you need!
Obtaining building permits for more complex areas is usually more difficult than flat panel aircraft. “Nevertheless, it is necessary to engage in blasting operations with a longer permit,” says Vladimir Lysy. Difficult ones on paper can be built on underlying or surprisingly unstable soil, or where springs can be created.
If the site does not stand on level ground and on a sustainable basis, experts recommend that they do not rely on the designer, but train a geologist or hydrogeologist even when preparing construction permit documentation. The geologist makes probes and the samples are delivered to the laboratory. In the report, he should indicate the characteristics of the soil in the individual layers, describe the water table and recommend a suitable setting method.
Suitable for garages and adjacent buildings
Pile foundation
Model of a screw pile foundation
The structure of this type of foundation consists of individual piles that are screwed directly into the ground. In view of the fact that the creation of such a foundation is a fairly simple operation, its use is very common in modern private construction.
On the slope, the building can be supported by pilots, as seen in the design of the family home in the Vladimir Baldy gorge. Geological report is from seven to 18 thousand kroons, which is insignificant in the total cost of the house. For money, you and the designer can learn a lot useful information... They can bring significant improvements, provide best project and set a more accurate budget for construction.
Stilt foundations: what's special?
You need to find out if it will be a poster or cheaper passports and how thick they are. If the soil is useful, passports can only be 60 centimeters long. The geologist urinates and the consistency of the soil, i.e. Is it possible to conceive passports only in the excavated grooves, or is it necessary to climb. The endurance class is again affected by the cost of excavation.
For "screwing in" the piles, a special technique can be used, or even one person can do it (but it is better to work in pairs). After the pile is twisted, a concrete mixture is poured into its cavity for better anchorage. After that, beams are fixed on the piles and a lattice base is made.
In terms of time, this is one of the fastest-built types of foundations for a house. You can easily handle it in a day or two. The most important thing is to correctly calculate the load, the number of piles per sq m and their location.
There are two options for incline uphill. You can adjust the plot with railings, skid, muddy walls or combinations of all together or house support on pilots. Or, you can think of a home to match the landscape. Higher is the first decision, especially for typical projects, because only some of them are built on a slope. They don't need to redesign their home, but they will be expensive to buy. However, if they look like houses next to each other, this can degrade the character of the landscape.
The second solution, according to the architect Rosa, is more appropriate, but more noticeable in design and construction. Respect for the land and the use of what is unusual for the land is of the utmost importance. Respect for the slope, orientation to the world side and the location of the entrance are what make the houses unique, says Michal Rosa.
One of the fastest and easiest foundations to build.
Slab as the base of the house
Slab foundation model
In the event that it is planned to build on floating soils that are subject to strong and uneven compression, subsidence or heaving soils, it will be advisable to erect slab foundation... This type looks like a monolithic or lattice slab, assembled from reinforced concrete beams with sealed joints. This type of foundation is erected over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe building, and not just under the load-bearing walls. By the way, it is advisable to lay a "floating" foundation if the construction is planned on the site where the groundwater level is close to the earth's surface (less than one meter). The disadvantage of this type of foundation will be only its high cost.
On a moderate slope, skirting boards are usually stacked with multiple stairs to create a pristine home. At each level, the platform is horizontal, and under the stairs, which are connected to each other, the bevel is copied. In the raging storm, the residential part of the house can be built. Or book the entrance to the house upstairs and the living room connected via a terrace to the garden downstairs.
Even here you will not be aloof. But they are so soft that you won't even think about it. The result is an interesting home that blends harmoniously with the landscape. However, it is often necessary to fill an underground wall because the bricks do not have to withstand the pressure of the surrounding soil.
Reliable but high in cost
Columnar view
Columnar foundation model
This type of foundation is characterized by a rather low cost - for example, the total estimate of this foundation will be two times lower than in the case of a strip foundation. The columnar structure is applicable for the construction of buildings, the design of which does not imply the presence of a basement, and the walls are not heavy. Examples are Finnish houses or frame structures. In addition, this type of foundation would be very nice to use for the construction of a bath.
The technology of its construction is quite simple - at the corners of the outer walls of the building and under the places of their intersection, pillars are installed, and communication beams are placed on top of them. Pillars are also installed along the entire perimeter of the structure at a distance of no more than 2.5 m from each other.
For foams, alluviums and similar unstable soils, it is important how thick the layer is. If there is solid ground within reach, it can be dealt with by deepening base bays or piles. If the unstable layer is too strong, it is more economical to build the house on a slab. This is not necessarily always possible.
If the soil is very wet and stretched, it is sometimes necessary to dig up the soil and bring it to a firmer surface. “Even if the water table is elevated, base bridges, piles or slabs can be used, it depends on the specific geological conditions,” says Pavel Trtnk. If wet and unstable soil is on a slope, for example, combine piles and a monolithic reinforced concrete grating.
Well suited for outbuildings
Block foundation model
It is widely used, especially when building three- or four-story cottages. The technology for the construction of this type of foundation consists in creating a system of reinforced concrete blocks (solid concrete blocks), which is installed in places of maximum load. These can be supports on purlins or points of intersection. load-bearing walls.
Columnar and supporting-columnar foundation
The robe routine is hassle-free as it becomes the whole home. You can compare the landscape with a tread or a foot. It is worse if the house is on a rock and the rest is not. Especially when the substrate is unstable. The piles must then be placed in unbearable soil, which will ensure the base of this piece in the sky underground.
The designer has created an office under the bridge, and it can change
Architect and designer Fernando Abellanas built a small office in Valencia, Spain. We started with geodesy, oriented towards the future home, and the object marked both in height and direction, including the laying of so-called building stands. Then we dug our underground passages and cleaned up, which we will repeat in this work, because this is a very important part of the building. What else construction technologies, materials, mechanization and tools are waiting for us?
The advantages of a block foundation are:
Ability to withstand significant loads;
Simplicity in construction;
Relatively low cost;
Reinforced concrete structures are distinguished by increased chemical resistance, which makes it possible to erect this foundation on soils with high acidity.
However, it must be borne in mind that reliable thermal insulation will be required, since there are seams between the blocks.
Foundations Foundations base the weight of a house on the soil of the foundation. For ordinary simple family home buildings, concrete or reinforced concrete base slabs and a base plate are used as standard. Exclusively, the so-called pilots. They carry a friction load on the surrounding soil or rely on a harder soil layer at a sufficiently deep depth. However, if we plot very difficult geological conditions, we will have to strengthen the foundations. And if the building is under the basement and the ground is too high, we must create a so-called bathtub.
Suitable for three to four-story country houses
Combined belt-pile
Mixed model: strip-pile foundation
This structure consists of evenly spaced piles that are installed
accordingly, the bearing load based on the data of the preliminary design of the future building. The upper part of the piles is fixed with a strip base by reinforcement and concreting along the prepared formwork.
The pile-strip type of foundation is ideal for the foundation of a building, the construction of which will take place on loose or difficult soil.
Excellent option for unstable soils
What type of foundations to choose in the end?
The foundation is the basis of the house being built, on which the entire load will lie. It is the quality of the foundation laid that determines the service life of the building. So before deciding which types of foundations are best to apply in a particular case, it is necessary to take into account many factors. After all, each type of foundation has certain qualities, which determine the appropriateness of using a certain type of foundation during construction.
Read about the following stages of construction:
Read about the previous stages of construction:
The fundamental basis of a house, including a cottage type, is a base that stabilizes the position of the building relative to the ground. Its device is not very diverse. Existing types can be counted on the fingers of one hand. You can see how they look in the photo of the foundations of private houses.
What is the foundation of a private house
Column foundation
The simplest way to organize the foundation, providing for the support of the house on the pillars. It can be:
- reinforced concrete pillars dug into the ground;
- wells in the ground filled with reinforced concrete;
- metal pipes filled with concrete;
- wooden posts for lightweight structures.
The pillars are placed along the perimeter of the building, as well as in the places of the internal load-bearing walls, at equal distances from each other. Ideally, backwaters should go into the ground, if we talk about the European part of Russia in the middle zone, by more than 1.5 m in order to reach the most stable non-freezing soil layers.
House on columnar foundation stands above the ground. The gap between the surface of the earth and the lower plane of the house is closed with decorative finishing materials.
In the recent past, huts were built on wooden supports. In any village, you can see what happens to such houses over time: the soil under some pillars sags, somewhere the tree rotts - the structure begins to lean in different directions, transferring the weight to the functioning foundations, window and door openings are deformed, the floor drops relative to the porch.
Reinforced concrete pillars make the structure more stable than the ones in the villages. However, in terms of their durability and stability, they are inferior to other types of bases. On the other hand, the columnar version is the most economical both in terms of material used and labor costs.
An improved view of this foundation is columnar-grillage. It differs from the usual version in that the structure does not stand directly on the pillars, but on the grillages - reinforced concrete beams 40 x 40 cm resting on the pillars. This option is more stable over time: the load is evenly distributed by the grillage. In cases where any of the pillars ceases to perform their function, the grillage redistributes the load to the remaining supports.
Pile foundation
A pile foundation for a private house is not the same as a pile for multi-storey construction... The latter uses very long reinforced supports that can withstand fantastic loads. When talking about private houses, they mean more modest piles:
- reinforced concrete factory;
- of metal pipesfilled with concrete;
- screw metal piles.
Despite the fact that the pile version looks like a columnar one, it is distinguished by a great "fundamentalness". Piles 2.5 m long are thoroughly driven into the ground by special machines. Due to the attraction of technical means, the price of the issue increases. However, the pile foundation is very stable and stable. Its ideal application is high groundwater standing, passing through weak surface soils to anchor in harder rocks.
Yulia Petrichenko, expert
Strip foundation
The tape option is the most used type of foundation. Composition:
- sand pillow;
- monolithic foundation or precast trapezoidal slabs - both of which distribute the load on the ground evenly over a large area;
- monolithic concrete tape or precast concrete blocks.
Ideally, the concrete tape is placed at a depth of soil freezing of 1.5 m or more. The undoubted advantage of a deep foundation is the possibility of organizing a basement and an underground garage in the house. In this case, for better waterproofing better to use monolithic concrete pouringproduced directly at the construction site. For greater strength, the tapes are reinforced with iron reinforcement during casting. The high cost of such construction is obvious: a large amount of material will be required, as well as equipment, a professional team to carry out the work.
You can save two or three times by making a shallow strip foundation - 0.5 m.However, this possibility exists only in the area where the soil is stable during the transition from cold to warm seasons, and groundwater go deep.
A strip foundation requires a minimum 20-30 cm asphalt or concrete blind area to protect against the effects of precipitation.
Tiled foundation
The most fundamental of all types of foundations - tiled - allows you to evenly distribute the load from the structure over its entire area. At the same time, the weight of the slab is so great that no processes occurring in the soil can affect its integrity and the given position. Of course, if you do not take extreme cataclysms, for example, earthquakes, which do not happen on the territory of our country.
The tiled version requires digging a pit. Its depth will be determined by the presence or absence of a basement in the construction plan and its height. The foundation itself, including the slab, consists of the following layers:
- Leveling layers: sand, gravel, crushed stone (30-50 cm high).
- Waterproofing material.
- A layer of concrete.
- Reinforcement.
- Pouring the foundation pit with concrete.
- Reinforcement.
- A layer of concrete.
The height of the slab itself can be up to 1 m.
The slab must certainly be a monolithic whole. For large houses, the cost of such a foundation can be very high. The main advantage of this option: the tile base is almost forever.
What influences the choice of the type of foundation
The foundation has two functions:
- Carrying support for the building.
- Stabilization of the position of the building in the ground.
In accordance with the dual functionality of the foundation, we must consider the issue of choosing one or another type in the corresponding two aspects:
- The nature of the house being built.
- Soil behavior at the site of the building.
At the same time, in the first aspect we will include the financial component of the project as having a direct bearing on the nature of the building.
- When choosing the foundation of a house, it is advisable to start by studying the nature of the structure intended for the construction. We rank buildings according to the heaviness of structures and determine the optimal foundation types for them (table 1). These correspondences are of a general nature and may vary in one direction or another depending on the soil.
- To select a foundation, soil is described in two categories: density and mobility. The first category is related to the composition of the land. The second is with the presence of water in it, which, when passing from a liquid to a crystalline state, expands in volume, setting the soil in motion. It is obvious that it is safer to build a house on dense and dry land than on a loose one with a nearby river. The most stable foundation is rock and permafrost, for which a foundation is not needed in principle.
We rank the soils according to the load they can carry on each square meterstarting with the most stable one.
- Rocky soil: up to 300 tons.
- Large-scale soils (pebbles, gravel): 40-50 tons.
- Fine, medium and large sands: 20-35 tons.
- Hard clay soils: 10-30 tons.
- Sands saturated with water: 10 tons.
- Soft clay soils: 4-8 tons.
The main type of soil in the European part of Russia is loam of varying degrees of density. The average load that such soils can carry is 10-20 tons per 1 sq. M. The average weight is 1 sq.m. brickwork 2.5 bricks is about 1 ton.
The density and mobility of soil in a particular area imposes restrictions on the use of certain types of foundations. Loamy soils are usually mobile. When planning, it should be borne in mind that the load of the house should fall on dense layers of non-freezing earth.
Columnar foundations are used with caution in conditions of not very stable soil. It is better to refuse it if the soil is characterized by mobility. Although the cost and relative ease of implementation make this type of base attractive to many.
The tape type generally appears to be the most optimal. On the other hand, if the ground freezes by 2 meters, which is not uncommon for many regions of Russia, the cost of such construction increases astronomically. In this case, it is more rational to use pile foundation, or if financial side not so important, put the stove.
Pile technology is well established and often applicable. It can be implemented in almost any, even the most problematic, soil. Requires the use of special equipment.
Few can afford a tiled base. For very large houses, its cost is beyond all reasonable limits. For buildings small in area, the expediency of pouring a meter-long concrete slab can be objectively caused by the severity and multi-storey buildings. The tiled foundation is the most stable and durable.
The pile option should be recognized as a universal type of foundation. It is optimal in terms of cost, labor costs and can be applied everywhere. The use of other options is determined by the presence or absence of additional financial capabilities.
What type of foundation did you use to build your home? Maybe you know the factors not mentioned in this article that influence the choice of the basis of a private house? Share your experience in the comments.
