From what the foundation is poured. Filling the strip foundation. Using an electric concrete mixer.

12.11.201727.05.2017

The foundation is the basis of any structure, be it a residential building, an outbuilding or public building... Its quality depends not only on the service life, but also on the safety of people. That is why you should carefully read the filling process before starting construction works.

It is important to know not only how to do it correctly, but also when is it better to pour the foundation under the house... Typically, such work is carried out in the warm season, taking into account the time of concrete hardening. Take the time to check the weather forecast for the next 4 weeks (approximately how long it will take for the bud to dry) before starting the pouring process. If rain is expected in your area, then it is worth postponing (if possible) construction for a while.

How to do it right pour the foundation under the house with your own hands? Video- instructions and step by step description process will help you understand this issue. But first you need to calculate the load on the foundation in order to know exactly what it should be. If you are not sure of the correctness of your calculations or do not know how to do them, then you should contact the professionals. You want your home to be reliable, right? Then do not hesitate to ask the specialists for help in this matter.

Another important point: what type of foundation you will build. There are the following options:

Tape;
Pile;
Monolithic;

Most often it is used for residential buildings ribbon view... It is suitable for soils different types, provides a solid foundation for the future structure, is durable and reliable.

What is required for work

Naturally, concrete (its amount can be calculated after drawing up the project documentation), formwork, sand, waterproofing material, reinforcing elements and protective foil for formwork. Also stock up on strong wire, which may be required for the tie. Decide in advance whether you will be doing the work manually or using construction equipment. You will need to dig trenches. This can be done with a shovel or using construction equipment. To make concrete, you can use a concrete mixer or you can do it by hand.

How much does it cost to fill the foundation for a house

You will receive an answer to this question only when you decide on all the above questions. Naturally, the final cost will be influenced not only by the amount of building materials, but also by other components. For example, renting equipment (if you decide to use it at all stages of construction) or the price of the services of a construction team (if you decide that you cannot cope with this work on your own).

So, you made the decision to fill it yourself, and opted for a strip foundation. Now let's find out how to properly fill the strip foundation under the house... The whole process can be divided into the following stages:

Markup;
Trench preparation;
Reinforcement;
Concreting.

So that you know, how to fill the foundation for the house yourself, let's take a closer look at each step.

The marking is carried out using pegs, which are installed at the construction site of the building in accordance with the project documentation. The pegs should be located around the perimeter of the future structure. A rope is pulled between them, which should run along the border of the house. The markings are correct if all corners are straight and the taut ropes are on the outer edge of the walls.

You can use a technique to dig trenches or do it by hand. It is important to correctly determine the depth of the trench. It should be at least 20 cm deeper than the soil freezing zone. The walls must be reinforced with formwork, preferably wooden. To prevent the tree from absorbing moisture in the future, it is worth using a protective waterproof film that wraps the formwork. A sand cushion is made at the bottom. To do this, a layer of sand is poured with water and tamped, and a layer of waterproofing material is placed on top.

We proceed to reinforcement. Strong metal reinforcement is installed vertically, in 40 cm increments. The reinforcement must be firmly fixed so that it does not change its location during the pouring process.

The last stage will be directly concreting. A solution is prepared manually or with the help of technology, which is evenly poured along the perimeter. At this stage, it is important to ensure that the solution is distributed evenly, without voids. After pouring, it is necessary to compact the cement with a vibrating plate.

Foundation for a finished building

How to pour under old house foundation? This question may be of interest to those homeowners whose housing needs to be strengthened. For example, the old foundation has already begun to crack, respectively, and the structure itself will gradually come to emergency condition... For small buildings, you can make additional support around the perimeter of the house from the outside, put reinforcement on the bottom of the trench and rest it against the base, and then concreted, and how to fill the foundation under standing house from the inside? For this, trenches are also made, and access under the house opens. Concreting is carried out in accordance with all the rules listed above.

The first, and probably the most crucial stage of general construction work is the creation of the foundation. With rare exceptions, this stage is carried out in the construction of almost any structure: both light summer kitchens and solid multi-storey cottages.

The foundation is the pillar of the building, its backbone. It protects its integrity during any soil movements and temperature changes in the soil. The correct filling of the foundation is especially important in the harsh Russian conditions with their sharp changes in temperature.

Basic types of foundations

At the design stage of your structure, you need to decide on the planned type of foundation.

The most popular, widely used and relatively simple to construct is the strip foundation. It is ideal for the construction of low-cost houses, garages, outbuildings in the central Russian zone.

A strip foundation is a strip (or tape) of concrete (or reinforced concrete), which is located on the ground along the perimeter of the bearing and external walls of your future building. This type of foundation can effectively prevent distortions of the building in case of unstable soil conditions.

The procedure for creating a strip foundation

Design and fill strip foundation is a fairly simple matter. Of course, if you are starting construction for the first time, then when pouring the foundation, it would be best for you to first practice on some small structure, for example, on a utility shed. So let's get started.

Any construction work must start with a project. First, take a sheet of graph paper and build on it a project for the foundation of your future structure. When determining the desired tape thickness for your foundation, you must use the advice of professional builders who will help you calculate the required structure. Also remember that the depth of the foundation should usually lie below the freezing line of the ground. This is done so that the future structure above does not "float" in the spring.

Foundation design on a sheet of paper - photo

After calculating the foundation and drawing up its project, the lines of the future flooded foundation must be marked on the spot. To do this, you can use ordinary pegs, tape measure and cord. Pay particular attention to the geometry of the corners of your future structure. In order to make sure that the angle is right, it is necessary to use the Pythagorean theorem and measure not only the future walls, but also the diagonals of the building.

After marking, start digging ditches for the future foundation. You can use both an ordinary shovel and the services of various mechanical means. Please note that the foundation ditch in some cases must be deeper and wider than the projected foundation. This is due to the fact that for pouring a concrete foundation you may need wooden formwork, and she will "eat" a few centimeters of the ditch.

To improve traction on the bottom of the ditch, you can dig holes about one and a half meters deep. These will be a kind of "support legs" on which your strip concrete foundation will rest.

Ditches for the foundation and pits for the supports are reinforced with iron rods. The rods are tied together with steel wire. When installing reinforcement on one side, you can not regret it, since it gives the necessary lines of stiffness to the concrete, and on the other hand, it must be placed very reasonably so that when pouring in the concrete layer, voids do not form.

Steel reinforcement should rise above the ground to the height planned in the project.

Thus, the reinforcement elements are fastened with a knitting wire. For this, a special steel hook is used.

We create the formwork

We proceed to the formation of the formwork. Sturdy boards are usually used to create its walls.

The boards from the boards are preliminarily knocked down on the ground according to pre-calculated dimensions.

After that, wooden shields are installed in a ditch under the foundation and firmly fastened together.

Ventilation holes must be created in the walls of the foundation that rise above the ground. Usually, for this, cuttings of a steel pipe are laid in the concrete layer.

These holes are designed to prevent uneven temperature changes in the foundation. In the construction environment, they are also called "puffs".

Air vent - photo

When pouring a strip concrete foundation, the most reasonable way out to create a concrete solution is to use the services of a concrete mixer. With small volumes - for example, when building a shed, concrete can be mixed right at the construction site, but when building a house, it would be best to call a specialized "mixer".

Machine - "mixer" can deliver concrete solution to remote areas of your site using a special concrete pump.

In order for the concrete mass to be evenly distributed throughout the entire space of the formwork, they use special vibratory drills - electrical devices that create vibrations in the mass of concrete. This ensures that the entire formwork is filled with concrete and air bubbles are displaced from the concrete.

This is what an electric vibrator used to compact concrete mortar looks like.

In the process of concrete drying, it is necessary to take care of it, preventing its rapid drying. For this, the poured concrete tape is usually covered with a layer of wood shavings or other covering material. This is especially true in hot weather.

After the concrete strip is completely cured, remove the external timber formwork.

Foundation

Thinking about building a house? Before grabbing a shovel and digging a foundation, study the factors that influence the choice of a particular type of foundation and casting methods. Indeed, the reliability and strength of the entire structure during operation depends on them.

Reliable and strong house must have a good foundation. After all, it bears the main load during operation and ensures the integrity of the entire building. Engaging qualified specialists to work or performing them yourself - study a number of features and possible types of foundations. This will allow you to choose the best value for money. Since the cost of filling is from 15 to 30% of the estimate of the entire construction.

Conditions affecting the choice of foundation

Before laying the foundation of a structure with your own hands, it is important to take into account three main factors:

type of soil;
groundwater level;
depth of soil freezing.

They directly affect the depth of pouring, the choice of the type and features of the construction work. So on heaving soils (sand, loam), the depth of trenching is less than the freezing distance of the upper layer of the earth. Non-rocky (rocky or semi-rocky rocks) and slightly loose (coarse or medium gravel sands, coarse soils) - serve as a reliable foundation for future construction and do not require a strong deepening. They are least responsive to seasonal temperature changes and soil movement.

Additional processing of the outer walls of the base should be performed when laying the base under the house with waterproofing materials. It will avoid deformation of concrete and moisture seepage inside the premises in areas with a high level of transmission groundwater... This is important when laying the foundation with your own hands for a house with a basement!

Drain the swampy area further.

These factors affect the choice of foundation, the cost of pouring and the final result of construction.

Common types of foundation

When building houses in private construction, the following types of foundations have gained great popularity:

- tape;

- columnar;

- pile;

- as monolithic slab.

Let's consider each of them separately.

Tape

Strip foundation diagram

It is a monolithic continuous tape of a certain height and depth of filling. Passes under load-bearing walls houses. It is used on sandy and clayey soils, with a difference in soil height of no more than 50 cm.

It is a reliable base both for a house made of foam blocks and timber. Included in the project for the construction of two-story houses. The width of the strip foundation protrudes from the thickness of the walls by 10 - 20 cm. The material of the structure also affects the size of the deepening into the soil.

There is a shallow type for light buildings. And for heavy concrete structures, a deep foundation is made, which is fixed 20-30 cm below the freezing mark of the earth layer.

How to properly fill the foundation under the house with your own hands

This type of foundation is one of the simplest and most common. Often, work on filling the tape is done by hand.

Before the main work, it is required to clear and level the area for the building spot. Prepare a sketch or plan with the exact dimensions of the building both along the outer wall and along the inner wall. Unforgettable about the ratio of the width of the formwork to the thickness of the walls.

The sequence of work on the correct pouring of the foundation for the house:

Prepared trench with markings for strip foundation

Markup. On this stage with the help of simple devices (pegs and fishing line), we take out the plan of the house on the ground;

Digging a trench. We dig a trench manually or with the help of special equipment, according to the calculated depth. Align the edges;

We lay a sand cushion and waterproofing. We fall asleep at the bottom of the trench sand mixture 20 cm thick and tamp. Then we spread roofing material or other material capable of retaining moisture in the concrete mixture until it hardens completely;

Formwork made of planks for a strip foundation

We put the formwork. It is made from planed boards or other material with a flat surface that can hold the shape of the mixture. It is installed at the full depth of the trench and brought out at least 30 cm from the zero mark. This is the basement part of the foundation. We put spacers on the outside of the formwork and fasten the side parts together with transverse bars. Provide in advance ventilation openings and possible drainage of communications;

Reinforcement of the foundation before pouring with concrete

We carry out reinforcement. To do this, we build a frame inside of two or three rows of vertically installed reinforcement and tie it horizontally with wire. The frame must be completely hidden under a layer of concrete;

You can speed up the pouring process by feeding the ready-mix concrete directly from the machine.

Fill with concrete mixture. Concrete is made by hand from sand, crushed stone and cement, in a ratio of 3: 3: 1 with the addition of water. The consistency of the mixture is not too liquid. It is gradually fed into the formwork. It is rammed. It will not be superfluous to tap the boards so that the mass lies evenly along the walls. The technology of pouring the foundation requires filling the entire depth of the foundation with the mixture at once and as quickly as possible in order to avoid delamination in the mass. Upper part concrete base should be periodically moistened with water;

Waterproofing the foundation with a roller

Waterproofing. After 4 or 7 days of "rest" we remove the formwork. By this time, concrete had gained 70% of its strength. And we carry out the processing of the foundation with waterproofing materials intended for these foundations

Correct adherence to the technology and methods of pouring will provide a strong and durable base for the house. And doing work with your own hands will save on the total cost of construction work, because the prices for a cube of industrial concrete are several times higher than independently mixed.

Let's move on to the next types of foundations.

Columnar

View of the columnar foundation after pouring the pillars

This type of foundation is suitable for small one-story buildings. It is the cheapest and least labor-intensive process in construction.

The laying of the foundation for the house begins from the corners, and then concrete pillars are dug under the load-bearing walls at a distance of 2 m from each other.

They are installed below the soil freezing threshold and covered with roofing material on top, which will provide reliable protection from the penetration of moisture into the premises.

In the attached video you can see how to perform columnar foundation do it yourself.

Pile

Wooden house built on concrete piles

This type is rightfully considered a strong and reliable foundation. The basis is made of piles made of heavy concrete with reinforcement, treated with an anti-corrosion coating. They can withstand heavy loads when driven into the soil and are therefore thoroughly tested in production. Suitable for erecting buildings on swampy areas or slopes.

The pile driving depth ranges from 4 meters for one-story houses made of timber or foam blocks and up to 8 meters for two-story and higher-rise buildings.

Monolithic

Casting a monolithic slab reinforced with reinforcement

A foundation made in the form of a monolithic slab is called "floating". Received this name because of the ability to move with the ground, while maintaining the integrity of the building. It is laid on any soil, with the exception of clay soil.

The correct pouring of this foundation under the house begins with digging a continuous pit up to 60 cm deep.A sand pillow and 15 cm crushed stone are laid on the bottom with a height of 25 cm. Then, a waterproofing material is lined and a two-layer frame is made of reinforcement with a diameter of 10-12 mm and cells of 20 * 20 cm in the form of a grid. All this is tied up and poured with concrete.

Such a solid foundation will be a reliable support for different shapes and types of houses.

Let's summarize:

The choice of the correct type of foundation, adherence to the technology and methods of pouring affect the reliability of the structure erected later. To avoid unpleasant surprises during the operation of a residential building, you should carefully study the composition of the soil. After all, how important it is to return to a cozy strong home after a hard day and spend time with your family.

When building a house, the "fundamental" part of the construction is very important and responsible. After all, as you build the foundation, the house will stand. The construction process itself is multi-stage. The construction of the foundation has its own characteristics. The desire to independently build the walls and ceiling overhead is quite understandable. But, if you have never dealt with construction work before, then maybe it is better not to start experimenting on such a complex object, but to find out what the cost of pouring the foundation and erecting walls will cost from specialists? The house requires serious calculations, geological research, binding to the area, coordination with the authorities, the study of building codes and regulations.
Table of contents:

The procedure for building a foundation for a house

Pouring the foundation is a labor-intensive process

If, nevertheless, the desire to build has not disappeared, you need to perform the following work algorithm:

Develop a house project with clear, accurate drawings of all construction periods, including the foundation.
Perform markings on the ground, according to the dimensions of the building, using pegs, twine, tape measure. Check the marked dimensions. The diagonals of the box at home are compared with each other. If there is a discrepancy between their values, the markup is redone.
If the plan provides for laying concrete in the base, then you need to know how to fill the foundation for the house, how much soil to extract and to what depth to dig a pit or trench.
Carry out excavation by hand or using earthmoving equipment.
Construct the formwork (fixed or removable). With a light weight of walls and other structures, as well as a small expected load on the building, the foundation is made unburied. The formwork is placed according to the marked dimensions, reinforced with props and struts in order to achieve the verticality of its walls. In such a shell, the concrete will be until it hardens, after pouring the foundation with your own hands.
With a recessed base, the formwork structure also deepens to a certain height, rising with its upper edge above the ground. Concrete is poured into it, which is located partly in the ground, partly above the ground.
A reinforced frame is laid in the formwork. It is needed to strengthen the strength of the base when subjected to a fracture load. When the foundation is poured, the ribbed reinforced rods are enveloped with a mixture, which, after hardening, forms a single solid structure.
To prevent mixing of the soil layer with cement at the bottom of the excavation or trench, a small layer of sand is poured.
Then you need to properly fill the foundation under the house: either with a solution prepared here, on the site, or bring the ready-made mixture in a concrete truck and immediately lay it between the reinforcement. Spread over the entire surface with a vibrator. It is recommended to do all the work without interruption, at a time.
After 4-5 days, the formwork is removed, and the foundation is gaining strength for another three weeks. In order to avoid cracking in the first 7 days after pouring, the leveled concrete surface is slightly moistened with water.
Then other construction work is carried out (erection of walls, etc.).

Attention! You can reduce the complexity of the work if you perform them preparatory stage independently, and more difficult operations related to the laying of concrete, to order a construction company. At the same time, on the one hand, the price of the foundation will rise. But on the other hand, work requiring efficiency, adherence to technology will be done professionally.

Features of the technology of correct pouring of the foundation for the future building

Pouring the foundation for a house with your own hands can be done in two different ways.

Start of work - digging a trench or foundation pit

The entire batch is laid in layers at once without intervals in time, without waiting for the previous batch of concrete to grab.
A concrete layer is evenly distributed along a trench or foundation pit, time is waited, only then the next layer is laid. At this point, a construction seam is formed. It must be cleaned of the formed film before placing the next layer on top of the concrete already achieved strength.

How to properly fill the foundation in each case is decided individually, but only preference, in general, is given to the faster method (continuous). In addition, in this case, the highest strength of the foundation is achieved. The laying technology is described in SNiP under the code 3.06.04-91 in the section "Laying concrete mix". It says that in the formwork, concrete is formed in horizontal layers, distributed in each of them in one direction. It is imperative to begin compaction (from the leading zone) after the solution has been completely filled.

In a continuous process, the laying of each subsequent layer should be carried out without waiting for the previous one to set. If this, for some reason, nevertheless happened, then at first the concrete is cured until it hardens, then the construction (cold) seam is processed and only then the next batch of concrete is laid. It is important to know how to fill the foundation for a house correctly in relation to the beams, columns, etc. located on it. With an intermittent process, the cutoff surface (the seam formed by cutting off one layer from another) should be formed perpendicular to the axes of beams, columns, walls.

Steps not to be neglected - waterproofing and reinforcement

Attention! It is necessary to process the joints with a wire brush, milling, sandblasting using water to remove dirt, dust, oils, paint, etc. from them. Blockages create a layer that is dangerous for cement to set, which at times worsens adhesion between layers. As a result, the stacking sites delaminate along this interface.

Concrete for strip foundations: laying or pouring

Pouring a strip foundation, in fact, is the laying of a liquid concrete mixture in portions, followed by its distribution over the reinforcing cage. The composition is laid in the tape in stages, in layers 20 cm thick each. In this case, the mass immediately occupies the entire length of the trench. Before pouring the next portion, the lower content is well compacted, rammed. Air is removed from the voids until a cement “milk” appears on the surface. For the same purposes, the formwork tape is additionally tapped. The number of embedded layers depends on the height of the foundation tape. The surface of the finished base is leveled with a trowel or a small rule. Additionally, in several places the tape is pierced with reinforcing rods so that the air finally comes out. The foundation is left for 2-3 hours for slight shrinkage. Then it is sprinkled on top with a thin layer of sawdust - protection from drying out. It matures for another three weeks, after which the formwork is dismantled, and construction work resumes.

The price of the issue

So how much does it cost to build a foundation? Its price depends on:

method of preparing concrete mixture (factory or independent production);
application of technical means;
the type of formwork, its manufacture or the acquisition of ready-made;
quality, volume of reinforcement;
cement brands;
performing construction work (independently or with the help of a construction team).

If you can benefit from reducing the cost of work, then buying cheaper ones, which means that lower quality materials are not recommended. Ultimately, the durability of the house and the comfort within its walls depend on the strength of the foundation.

Directly on construction site for a start it is worth marking the territory, i.e. outline the boundaries of the future foundation. It is necessary to make markings taking into account all factors: the occupied area of \u200b\u200bthe future house, its mass, the relief of the land plot, the level of groundwater, etc. To do this, pegs are dug in along the perimeter of the building and along the boundaries of the inner ones, between which a string is stretched in parallel lines. You can check the accuracy of observance of the mutual perpendicularity of all marking lines by comparing the diagonals between the corners of the trench. If they are equal, then all angles are right.

Digging a trench to fill the foundation

The second stage will be digging a trench for a strip foundation or drilling wells for a pile foundation. In the future, a strip foundation will be poured into the trench, and piles are installed in the wells, therefore, special attention should be paid to the accuracy of these operations. In particular, the walls of the trench should be reinforced with planks that form the foundation formwork. Instead of boards, it is quite possible to use any other suitable materialHowever, wooden planks are beneficial for their durability, low cost and ease of handling. The bottom of the trench should be below the freezing depth of the soil. The minimum difference between these levels is 20-30 cm. The depth of the wells depends on the density of the soil and is usually about two meters.

When pouring a strip foundation, you will also need to create sand pillow at the bottom of the trench. This is done by pouring a layer of sand, followed by pouring it with water and tamping. The thickness of the sand cushion depends on the soil characteristic such as heaving. A layer of tape waterproofing material must be laid on top of the sand.

Reinforcement.

Since the building creates a significant load on the strip foundation, a simple pouring into the trench cement mix is not able to provide the creation of a concrete base of the required strength. To prevent the foundation from collapsing under the influence of compression forces, reinforcing materials should be included in its structure.

Reinforcement pile foundation consists in administering several rods of metal reinforcement before pouring concrete. For the foundation of the strip, a more complex spatial structure will be required, consisting of vertical and metal rods of metal reinforcement placed in a trench. The distance between adjacent (parallel) rods should not exceed 40 cm. So that the reinforcing rods do not change their orientation in space, they should be tied with steel wire or tacked with electric welding.

Pouring concrete.

The concrete mortar must be made just before pouring it. If it was decided to purchase a ready-made solution, then in this case it will be delivered in a concrete mixer ready for use. For self-production of the mortar, you should think about the advance purchase or rental of a mobile compact concrete mixer in order to be able to prepare concrete directly on the construction site. Standard proportions of concrete mortar are considered to be when approximately three parts of debris-free sand and five parts of medium-sized crushed stone are taken for one part of cement.

The pouring should take place evenly along the entire perimeter of the strip foundation or the circle around the pile in the well. In this case, care should be taken that no voids are formed in the well or trench. In addition, upon completion of the fill concrete mortar must be additionally compacted with a vibrating plate or other device of a similar purpose.

After pouring the foundation, concrete will take some time to gain strength, so it is completely unacceptable to immediately start building the walls of the house. The waiting period depends a lot on the ambient temperature, but during the summer period concrete gains its grade strength in about four weeks.